EnglishGrammar 英语语法
前言
- 语法过了初学者的坎之后就不再是需要刻意去研究的东西,非英语专业尤其如此。
- 理解句子先找动词(谓语)
为什么感觉句子“脱离”了语法规则?
- 修饰语的加入:
- 句子中常出现时间、地点或原因状语(如 During lunch),它们使句子显得更复杂,但主干结构仍在。
- 省略与替代:
- 英语句子为简洁或流畅,可能会省略某些不必要的词,如连接词、重复的主语等。
- but to ask my colleagues 其实可以看作是 but I had to ask my colleagues 的简化表达。
- 真实语言表达更灵活:
- 实际英语中,会通过短语、分词、修饰语等丰富句子内容,而不单单遵循简单的句型。
- 比如,第一个句子如果直接写为 My iPhone suddenly stopped working. 就是更基础的结构,但少了细节和描述。
如何解决阅读疑惑?
- 抓住句子主干:先忽略修饰部分,只关注主谓结构。例如:
- 原句:During lunch, my iPhone 13 Pro suddenly went white screen and became unresponsive.
- 主干:My iPhone went white screen and became unresponsive.
- 熟悉常见扩展方式:
- 状语、插入语、并列结构是常见的扩展手段,可以多练习类似句子的拆解。
- 通过上下文推测意思:
- 即使一开始不能完全理解句型,也可以先抓住核心信息,然后结合上下文逐渐理解修饰部分的作用。
句子种类
按目的、用途分为四种:
- 陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句
按结构分为三种:
- 简单句、并列句、复合句(各种从句)
陈述句(statements)
用于陈述事实、观点、事件或描述的句子,通常以句号(.)结尾。
肯定陈述句:主语 + 谓语 + 其他成分
- She loves chocolate.
陈述句 变 否定句
情况一:句中有 be 动词 (am, is, are, was, were)
规则:直接在 be 动词后面加 not。
He is a doctor.
He is not a doctor.
He isn't a doctor.
They were busy yesterday.
They were not busy yesterday.
They weren't busy yesterday.
【常见缩写】
- is not →
isn't
- are not →
aren't
- was not →
wasn't
- were not →
weren't
- (am not 没有通用的缩写,口语中
I'm not
最常见)
情况二:句中有情态动词 (can, will, should, must 等)
规则:直接在情态动词后面加 not,后面的动词保持原形。
You can park here.
- You can not park here.
- You can't park here. (注意 cannot 通常写成一个词)
She will come to the party.
- She will not come to the party.
- She won't come to the party. (注意 will not 的特殊缩写)
情况三:句中有助动词 have/has/had (用于完成时态)
规则:直接在 have/has/had 后面加 not,后面的动词保持过去分词。
I have finished my homework.
- I have not finished my homework.
- I haven't finished my homework.
He has seen the movie.
- He has not seen the movie.
- He hasn't seen the movie.
情况四:句中只有一般动词 (如 love, like, work, go)
规则:需要根据人称和时态,在动词前添加 do not, does not, 或 did not,同时主要动词变回原形。
- do(一般), does(三单),did(过去时)
They work on weekends.
- They do not work on weekends. (主语非三单,用 do)
- They don't work on weekends.
She loves chocolate.
- She does not love chocolate. (主语是三单 She,用 does,loves 变回 love)
- She doesn't love chocolate.
He went to the store.
- He did not go to the store. (过去时,用 did,went 变回 go)
- He didn't go to the store.
祈使句(imperatives)
用于表示命令、请求、建议或邀请的句子,通常省略主语“you”。
肯定祈使句:动词原形 + 其他成分。
- Open the door.
- Please sit down.
否定祈使句:Don't + 动词原形 + 其他成分。
- Don’t touch that.
- Don’t be late.
感叹句(exclamations)
感叹句用于表达强烈的情感,如惊讶、愤怒、喜悦或遗憾等,通常以 感叹号(!) 结尾。用于感叹某事物的性质或状态。
结构:What + (a/an) + 形容词 + 名词 + 主谓结构!
What 后面通常接名词或名词短语,强调事物本身。
- What a beautiful day it is! (多美好的一天啊!)
- What an amazing story you told! (你讲的故事多精彩!)
- What big eyes you have! (你的眼睛真大!)
结构:How + 形容词/副词 + 主谓结构!(用于感叹某事物的程度)
How 后面接形容词或副词,强调状态或程度
- How lovely she looks! (她看起来多可爱!)
- How quickly time flies! (时间过得多快啊!)
其它感叹词(如 Wow, Oh, Alas 等)开头,表达强烈情感。
- Wow! That’s awesome! (哇!太棒了!)
- Oh no! I forgot my wallet! (哦不!我忘带钱包了!)
- Alas! We lost the game. (唉!我们输了比赛。)
问句(questions)
一般疑问句(general questions)
以助动词或情态动词开头,对某事进行提问,通常答案是 “Yes” 或 “No”。
结构:助动词/情态动词 + 主语 + 动词原形/过去分词 + ...?
情况一:句中有 be
动词 (am, is, are, was, were
)
直接将 be 动词提到句首。
特别注意:大多数情况下,I am 都会转化为 Are you。
- He is an engineer. → Is he an engineer?
- Isn't he an engineer?
- They were late. → Were they late?
情况二:句中只有一般动词 (如 play, work, eat, have
)
这是唯一需要“无中生有”添加助动词的情况。
根据时态和人称,在句首加上 do, does, 或 did,句子中的主要动词变回原形。
- do(一般), does(三单),did(过去时)
特别注意:当 have/has/had 作为主动词(表示“拥有”)而不是助动词(用于完成时)时,它也属于情况二。
- You like coffee. → Do you like coffee? (主语是
you
,用do
)- Don't you like coffee?
- He works hard. → Does he work hard? (主语是
he
,用does
三单,works
变回work
) - They went home. → Did they go home? (过去时,用
did
,went
变回go
)
情况三:句中有情态动词 (Modal Verbs)
常见情态动词:can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must
直接将情态动词提到句首,后面的动词保持原形。
She can speak French. → Can she speak French?
- Can't she speak French?
You should see a doctor. → Should you see a doctor?
They will arrive tomorrow. → Will they arrive tomorrow?
情况四:句中有助动词 have/has/had + 过去分词(完成时态)
直接将 have/has/had 提到句首,后面的动词保持过去分词。
You have finished the report. → Have you finished the report?
- Haven't you finished the report?
She has been to Paris. → Has she been to Paris?
He had left before I arrived. → Had he left before I arrived?
特殊疑问句(special questions)
用来问具体信息的句子,答案不是简单的 “Yes” 或 “No”。
结构:疑问词 + 助动词/情态动词 + 主语 + 谓语 + 其它?
- 其实就是:疑问词 + 一般疑问句
常见的疑问词:What, Where, When, Why, Who, Which, How
Which one/名词
**How much (多少 - 对不可数名词) / How many (多少 - 对可数名词) **
How long (多久) / How often (多常) / How far (多远)
- Where have you been?
- When did she leave?
- How can I help you?
结构:疑问词 + 谓语 + 其它?
当疑问词(如 Who, What 等)或疑问词组(which train)在句中作主语时,不需要助动词 do/does/did,谓语直接跟在疑问词后
- What happened yesterday?
- Who broke the glass?
- Which train leaves at 10?
选择问句(alternative questions)
一般提出两种可能,看哪一种属实。这类问句都由两部分组成,由or把它们连接起来。通常前面部分用升调,后面部分用降调:
结构:助动词 + 主语 + 谓语 + 选项 1 + or + 选项 2?
- Are you from the South or from the North?
- Do you want tea or coffee?
- Is he going by train or by plane?
反意问句(disjunctive questions)
一个陈述句后加一个简短的疑问部分,用来确认或反问。
简短疑问 = 助动词 + 主语代词
结构:否定句 + 肯定简短疑问?
- You don't like rock music, do you?
- Your wife isn't in China now, is she?
结构:肯定句 + 否定简短疑问?
- This is your car, isn't it?
- They are your children, aren't they?
简短疑问 = 助动词 + 主语代词
如果陈述句(否定句 ro 肯定句)有情态动词或 be 动词,直接用其中的帮助动词构成简短疑问
- She can swim, can't she?
- It is raining, isn't it?
如果是一般动词,则使用 do/does/did
- You don't like rock music, do you?
结构:肯定句 + 肯定简短疑问?or 否定句 + 否定简短疑问?(个别情况下出现,这时有特殊的含义)
- So he won't pay his bills, won't he? We'll see about that.(=He is too naive to think.)(有威胁的意思。)
- You sold that lovely bracelet, did you? (=I'm sorry you did.)(真遗憾。)
句子成分 Clause Elements
句子 = 主干 + 修饰
主干成分
- 主语 (Subject):句子的主题、动作的发出者
- 谓语 (Predicate):表示句子的主要动作或状态,通常由动词或动词短语表示
- 宾语 (Object):谓语动作的承受者
- 表语 (Predicative):用来补充说明主语的特征、状态或身份
- 补语 (Complement):补充说明宾语、补充说明主语
修饰成分
- 定语 (Modifier):修饰主语或者宾语。短定语前置成为前置定语,长定语放后面成为后置定语。
- 状语 (Adverbial):修饰动作发生的时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式。
- 同位语(Appositive):同位语是对一个名词或代词进行补充说明的成分,通常紧跟在被说明的名词或代词之后,用于进一步解释或限定其含义。说白了就是同一个人和事用不同的方式再说一遍。
语序
自然语序(natural word order)
在构成句子时有一定的顺序,肯定句通常按下列顺序排列:
主语 (及修饰语) | 谓语 (动词及动词短语) | 宾语 (及修饰语) | 状语 (方式) | 状语 (地点) | 状语 (时间) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A group of children | are playing | football | happily | in the park | |
We | will be back | tomorrow | |||
I | saw | a cute dog | |||
I | saw | a cute dog running | in the park |
倒装语序(inverted word order)
谓语有时全部或部分地提到主语前面时,称为倒装语序。问句很多都用倒装语序
疑问词 | 助动词/情态动词 | 主要 | 动词(+表语) | 宾语 | 状语 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
How long | have | you | been in China? | ||
May | I | borrow | your book | now? |
简单句(动词五大基础句型)
主 + 谓(不及物动词vi)
- 可以独立完成的动作,不需要宾语
表示什么(主语)怎么了
谓语:不及物动词vi(和主谓宾的区别是此句型使用的动词do是不及物动词vi,后面不能带宾语,如果非要带宾语 需要在vi后面加介词)
- Spring comes
- The teacher listens to the music
主 + 谓 + 宾
- 有一个动作的承受者
表示什么做了什么
谓语:及物动词vt(这类动词后面必须跟一个宾语,才能使句子的意思完整。宾语就是动作的承受者)
- I love you
- Children plant trees
主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾
- 有两个动作承受者
谓语由双宾语动词组成,间接宾语通常指“人”,直接宾语通常指“物”。
间接宾语在前,直接宾语在后,也可以对调,但是需要借助介词 to 或者 for。
to
:表示将某物传递/给予某人 (强调动作的转移 )。give
,send
,show
,bring
,lend
,tell
,return
for
:表示为某人做某事/买某物 (强调动作的目的 或利益 )。buy
,make
,find
,cook
,build
,order
,pay
谓语:双宾语动词(双及物动词)
宾语:间接宾语、直接宾语
常见双宾语动词:give,show,send,bring,lend,tell,return,write,pay,teach,make,buy,find等
Her father bought her a bicycle
Her father bought a bicycle for her
The old man is telling the children stories
The old man is telling stories to the childre
主 + 谓 + 宾 + 补
- 只有一个动作的承受者
有些句子使用主谓宾是无法完整表达句子意思的,所以需要一个补语对宾语进行补充说明
谓语:及物动词vt
- She found the pen on the floor
- The boy makes me happy.
主 + 系 + 表
表示什么是什么
系统词:be动词(am、is、are)(把这个词后面的信息赋予给前者)
表语:又称主语补语,对主语进行补充说明
- The teacher is beautiful
- How is the teacher?
- We are Chinese
常见be动词:am
/ is
/ are
/ was / were / be / been / being
表示“感官”的系动词:look
(看起来)/sound
(听起来)/smell
(闻起来)/taste
(尝起来)/feel
(感觉起来)
表示“变化”或“结果”的系动词:become
(变得)/get
(变得)/grow
(变得)/turn
(变成)/go
(变坏)/come
(变得)
表示“保持”或“继续”的状态:stay
(保持)/remain
(仍然)
There be 句型
表示 时间、空间 存在某种事物
There is ...:单数可数名词、不可数名词时使用
There are ...:复数可数名词时使用
There is a teacher in the classroom(教室里有一个老师)
There is a class afternoon(下午有一节课)
There are three apples on the table(桌子上面有三个苹果)
There do: do指不及物动词
表示存在、发生、出现、坐落等意义的不及物动词也可以与There连用
- There was an accident(这里发生了事故)
There was/were ...: 过去时
There will be ...: 将来时
变疑问句
结构:将动词 be 和 there 互换位置即可
Are there any ties on the floor?
Is there a dirty fork on the plate?
有情态动词时,直接将情态动词提到句首(常见:can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must)
- There will be a test next week. -> Will there be a test next week?
- There should be a sign here. -> Should there be a sign here?
注意:some
在变为疑问句或者否定句时需要转化为any
some
通常用于肯定句,而any
通常用于否定句和疑问句。
变否定句
结构:在动词 be 后面加 not (any) 或者 no
表示“完全没有” (数量 = 0)
- 对于复数/不可数名词: 用
...not any...
或...no...
(语气更直接、坚决地表示“完全没有”)- There are not any ties on the floor.
- There are no newspaper on the shelf.
- There aren't any cars. / There are no cars.
- There isn't any water. / There is no water.
- 对于单数名词: 用
...not a/an...
或...no...
(语气更直接、坚决地表示“完全没有”)- There wasn't a tree. / There was no tree.
- There is not a fork on the plate.
表示“不是...” (数量 ≠ X)
- 用
...not + 具体数字/量词
(含义: 东西是有的,但数量不是你说的那个)- There are not ten cars. (不是10辆车。)
注意:如果有情态动词时,not要放情态动词后面,be动词前面。
- There will not be a meeting tomorrow.
- There will not be any meetings tomorrow.
- There will be no meeting tomorrow.
It is ... that 强调句
强调除谓语以外的句子成分
结构:It be + 被强调部分 + that/who + 句子
The rabbit will eat the carrot.
- 强调兔子 -> It is the rabbit that will eat the carrot.
- 强调我的IPhone -> It was my iphone that I lost last week.
冠词
在英语语法中,冠词是用来修饰名词,说明其所指是特定还是非特定的词。冠词分为定冠词 (definite article) 和不定冠词 (indefinite article) 两种。
- 不定冠词 (a/an):用于**单数、可数名词前,表示泛指**,即指某一类人或事物中的任何一个,但不具体说明是哪一个。它有“一个”或“任何一个”的含义。
- 定冠词 (the):用在**单数/复数可数名词和不可数名词前,表示特指**,即听者和说者都明确知道所指的是哪一个或哪些人或物。它有“那个”、“这个”或“那些”、“这些”的含义。
定冠词(the)
the sun.
the world.
Ah! Your dress is pretty!
- Thank you. I like the dress,too.(代指前文提到的)
注意,在元音前读 ði
, 辅音前读 ðə
定冠词的主要使用场景:
- 再次提到上文已提及的人或物:
- I saw a cat in the garden. The cat was black. (我看见花园里有一只猫。那只猫是黑色的。)
- 双方都明确知道的人或物:即使是第一次提到,但根据语境,双方都知道具体所指。
- Could you please close the door? (你能把那扇门关上吗?) (指房间里唯一的那扇门)
- Where is the bathroom? (洗手间在哪?) (指这栋建筑里的洗手间)
- 世界上独一无二的事物:
- the sun (太阳)
- the moon (月亮)
- the earth (地球)
- 用在序数词和形容词最高级前:
- the first day (第一天)
- the best student (最优秀的学生)
- 指整个群体或阶层:
the
+ 形容词/国籍名词复数
- the rich (富人)
- the poor (穷人)
- the Chinese (中国人)
- 用在某些专有名词前:
- 江河、海洋、山脉、群岛:the Yangtze River (长江), the Pacific Ocean (太平洋), the Himalayas (喜马拉雅山脉)
- 由普通名词构成的国家或机构名称:the United States (美国), the United Nations (联合国)
- 报纸、建筑物、博物馆名称:the New York Times (纽约时报), the Eiffel Tower (埃菲尔铁塔)
- 姓氏的复数形式,表示一家人:the Smiths (史密斯一家)
不定冠词(a,an)
- a dog. 一只狗
- a book. 一本书
- an apple. 一个苹果
用于单数可数名词前;没有具体说明是哪一个(泛指)
- a book. [bʊk]
- an apple. [ˈæp(ə)l]
a/an的选用:名词以元音开头使用an,反之使用a
- Give me a book. Which book? The book on the table.
the替代a/an:第一次提到时并不知道是哪一本书,是泛指,使用a;第二次提到时是特指,需要用定冠词the
注意:某些非元音字母的也会用an,可以直接依据单词字母开头区分
This is an A
/E
/F
/H
/I
/L
/M
/N
/O
/S
/X
.
This is a B/C/D/G/J/K/P/Q/R/T/U/V/W/Y/Z.
不定冠词的主要使用场景:
首次提到某人或某物:当第一次在对话或文章中提及某个可数名词单数时。
- I saw a cat in the garden. (我看见花园里有一只猫。)
- She bought a new dress yesterday. (她昨天买了一件新连衣裙。)
表示职业、身份或类别:
- He is a doctor. (他是一位医生。)
- My father is an engineer. (我父亲是一位工程师。)
表示“一个”的数量概念:
- I have a sister. (我有一个姐姐。)
- Please wait for a minute. (请等一分钟。)
用于某些固定搭配中:
have a rest (休息一下)
in a hurry (匆忙地)
as a rule (通常)
零冠词
在某些情况下,名词前不需要加任何冠词,这种情况被称为“零冠词”。
- 泛指的复数名词:
- I like cats. (我喜欢猫。) (泛指所有的猫,而非特指)
- Doctors are well-paid. (医生薪水很高。) (泛指医生这个职业群体)
- 泛指的不可数名词:
- Water is essential for life. (水对生命至关重要。)
- She gave me some useful advice. (她给了我一些有用的建议。)
- 大多数专有名词前:
- 人名、地名(城市、大多数国家)、月份、星期:Tom, London, China, July, Monday
- 三餐、球类运动、学科名称前:
- have breakfast / lunch / dinner
- play basketball / football
- study history / mathematics
- 在某些固定短语中:
- by bus (乘公交车)
- at home (在家)
- go to bed (上床睡觉)
所有格 Possessives
所有格用来表示人或事物之间的“所属”关系,即“谁的”或“什么的”。最常见的两种形式是 ’s
所有格和 of
所有格。
’s
所有格
这种形式通常用于有生命的人或动物,有时也用于国家、组织或时间。
单数名词后加 's
- Tim's shirt (蒂姆的衬衫)
- My dog's toy (我的狗的玩具)
- China's economy (中国的经济)
用法提示:
’s
的作用和形容词性物主代词(my, your, his, her, its, our, their)很像。通常第一次提到某人时用's
所有格,后续为了避免重复,会用物主代词。
- 第一次提: That is Tom's schoolbag. (那是汤姆的书包。)
- 再次提到: His schoolbag is blue. (他的书包是蓝色的。)
以 s 结尾的复数名词,只加 '
- my students' essays (我的学生们的论文)
- the dogs' house (那些狗的房子)
- the workers' rights (工人们的权利)
不以 s 结尾的复数名词,仍然加 's
- the children's books (孩子们的书)
- the men's restroom (男厕所)
- people's opinions (人们的观点)
以 s 结尾的单数名词(特别是名字),通常加 's
,有时也只加 '
- Chris's car (克里斯的车) - 更常见
- James's plan (詹姆斯的计划) - 更常见
- Chris' car / James' plan - 在书写中也可接受,尤其是在古典或正式文本中
of
所有格
这种形式通常用于无生命的物体、抽象概念,或者当所有者是一个较长的短语时。
结构是:the + 事物 + of + 所有者
用于无生命物体
- the leg of the table (桌子的腿) - 不说 "the table's leg"
- the color of the wall (墙的颜色)
- the roof of the house (房子的屋顶)
用于抽象概念
- the importance of learning (学习的重要性)
- the result of the experiment (实验的结果)
当所有者是一个较长的短语或从句时
- the opinion of the man I met yesterday (我昨天遇到的那个男人的观点)
- 用
's
会很奇怪: "the man I met yesterday's opinion"
- 用
's
和 of
的核心区别
一个简单的判断方法:
- 想说“谁的”?优先考虑用
's
。 - 想说“什么的”?优先考虑用
of
。
特性 | ’s 所有格 | of 所有格 |
---|---|---|
核心用途 | 人 & 动物 | 物体 & 概念 |
例子 | the cat's tail (猫的尾巴) | the end of the road (路的尽头) |
感觉 | 更简洁,更口语化 | 稍微正式,结构更清晰 |
特殊情况 | 可用于时间、地点、组织 a week's holiday (一周的假期) the school's team (学校的队伍) | 当所有者是长短语时必须使用 the capital of the United States (美国的首都) |
所有格
表示所属关系
('s)所有格
- Tim's shirt.(Tim的衬衫)
- Tom's schoolbag. / his schoolbag.
's加在名字后面,表示后面的事物属于前面一个人(作用和形容词性物主代词一样,一般第一次提到时所有格,第二次提到时用形容词性物主代词)
有时候,所有格的第一个名词如果是以s或者es 结尾,后面只需要加“,”。
- I enjoy reading my students’ essays.
时间和日期表达
时间的表达
直接读法 (最常用)
直接按顺序读出 “小时” 和 “分钟” 的数字。
结构:小时 + 分钟
- 7:05 → seven oh five (
0
读作oh
) - 8:15 → eight fifteen
- 9:30 → nine thirty
- 10:45 → ten forty-five
介词读法 (传统用法)
以 “半小时” 为界,用 past (过) 和 to (到) 来表达。
- 分钟 ≤ 30:用 past,表示 “几点过几分”
- 分钟 > 30:用 to,表示 “差几分到几点” (小时数要 +1)
结构:分钟 + past/to + 小时
- 8:15 → fifteen past eight (八点过十五分)
- 8:45 → fifteen to nine (差十五分到九点)
- 2:10 → ten past two (两点过十分)
- 2:50 → ten to three (差十分到三点)
整点、半点和特殊时间的表达
o'clock 只用于整点。a quarter 表示一刻钟 (15分钟)。
- 8:00 → eight o'clock
- 8:15 → a quarter past eight
- 8:30 → half past eight (八点半)
- 8:45 → a quarter to nine
- 12:00 (白天) → noon / midday
- 12:00 (夜晚) → midnight
日期的表达
书写日期 (Writing Dates)
美式结构:月份 日, 年份
- August 21, 2025
英式结构:日 月份, 年份
- 21st August, 2025
朗读日期 (Saying Dates)
日期部分要用序数词 (first, second, twenty-first...)。
美式读法:月份 + (the) + 日期序数词, 年份
- August 21, 2025 → 读作: August (the) twenty-first, twenty twenty-five.
英式读法:the + 日期序数词 + of + 月份, 年份
- 21st August, 2025 → 读作: The twenty-first of August, twenty twenty-five.
时间介词总结
这是最重要的规则,可以应对大多数情况。
at
+ 精确时间点
- at 8 o'clock (在8点钟)
- at noon / at midnight (在正午/午夜)
- at the moment (此刻)
on
+ 具体的某一天
- on Sunday (在周日)
- on my birthday (在我生日那天)
- on October 1st, 2025 (在2025年10月1日)
- on a winter morning (在一个冬天的早晨 - 强调是“某天”的早晨)
in
+ 一段较长的时间
- in the morning / afternoon / evening (在上午/下午/晚上)
- in May (在五月)
- in summer (在夏天)
- in 2025 (在2025年)
- in the 1990s (在20世纪90年代)
副词的位置
副词用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态的 方式、频率、地点、时间、程度 等。
副词的基本位置原则
一个简单好记的原则是:助动词/情态动词后,be动词后,实义动词前。
Be 动词之后
- He is always on time. (他总是很准时。)
- She is often late for class. (她上课经常迟到。)
- They were very happy after winning the game. (赢得比赛后他们非常开心。)
助动词/情态动词之后
- I have already finished my homework. (我已经完成了我的作业。)
- You should never give up. (你永远不应该放弃。)
- He can easily solve this problem. (他能轻松解决这个问题。)
实义动词之前
- She often reads in the evening. (她经常在晚上阅读。)
- I rarely watch TV. (我很少看电视。)
- They usually eat out on weekends. (他们通常在周末外出吃饭。)
按功能分类的副词位置详解
1. 方式副词 (Adverbs of Manner)
- 常见词:carefully, well, hard, slowly, quickly, fast
- 位置:通常放在 动词或宾语之后。
- He drives carefully. (他开车很小心。)
- She speaks English fluently. (她英语说得很流利。)
- They finished the project quickly. (他们很快地完成了这个项目。)
2. 频率副词 (Adverbs of Frequency)
- 常见词:always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, never
- 位置:遵循基本位置原则(be动词后,助动词后,实义动词前)。
- I always study in the morning. (我总是在早上学习。)
- He is sometimes busy. (他有时候很忙。)
- Do you usually get up so early? (你通常这么早起床吗?)
3. 时间副词 (Adverbs of Time)
- 常见词:today, yesterday, now, then, soon, recently
- 位置:通常放在 句末,也可为强调而放在 句首。
- We will have a meeting tomorrow. (我们明天要开会。)
- Yesterday, I went to the museum. (昨天我去了博物馆。)
- I saw him recently. (我最近见过他。)
4. 地点副词 (Adverbs of Place)
- 常见词:here, there, everywhere, outside, upstairs
- 位置:通常放在 句末。
- The kids are playing outside. (孩子们在外面玩。)
- Please put the box here. (请把箱子放在这里。)
- Let's go somewhere quiet. (我们去个安静的地方吧。)
5. 程度副词 (Adverbs of Degree)
- 常见词:very, quite, too, extremely, almost, enough
- 位置:通常放在所修饰的 形容词或副词之前。
- The weather is extremely cold. (天气极其寒冷。)
- He runs very fast. (他跑得非常快。)
- This book is quite interesting. (这本书相当有趣。)
- 特别注意:
enough
要放在形容词或副词的 后面。- He is tall enough to reach the shelf. (他足够高,能够到架子。)
- The water is warm enough to swim. (水足够暖和,可以游泳了。)
- You didn't work hard enough. (你不够努力。)
多个副词在句中的顺序
当一个句子中出现多个不同类型的副词来修饰同一个动词时,一般的排列顺序是:
方式副词 → 地点副词 → 时间副词
- She sang beautifully (方式) in the concert (地点) last night (时间). (她昨晚在音乐会上唱得非常美。)
- He worked hard (方式) at home (地点) all day (时间). (他一整天都在家努力工作。)
- The children played happily (方式) in the garden (地点) all afternoon (时间). (孩子们整个下午都在花园里开心地玩耍。)
比较句 (Comparative Sentences)
用来比较两个人或事物的特征或状态,说明它们在某方面是相同、不同,或者谁更突出。
- 核心:找到比较的双方,并使用正确的比较结构。
情况一:同级比较 (A 和 B 一样...)
用来表示两个人或事物在某个方面程度相同。
否定形式表示 “A 不如 B ...”,可以用
not as ... as
或not so ... as
。
结构:主语 + 动词 + as + 形容词/副词原级 + as + 比较对象
- He is as tall as his brother. (他和他的兄弟一样高。)
- She sings as beautifully as a professional singer. (她唱歌像专业歌手一样动听。)
- This task is not as difficult as I thought. (这个任务没有我想象的那么难。)
- He doesn't run so fast as you. (他跑得不如你快。)
情况二:比较级 (A 比 B 更...)
用来表示一个人或事物在某个方面超过另一个人或事物。这是最常见的比较形式。
than
是比较句的标志词,意为“比”。
结构:主语 + 动词 + 形容词/副词比较级 + than + 比较对象
- He is taller than me. (他比我高。)
- This book is more interesting than that one. (这本书比那本更有趣。)
- She works harder than her classmates. (她比她的同学更努力学习。)
- My car is less expensive than yours. (我的车没你的贵。) → 另一种表达“不如”的方式
情况三:最高级 (在...中最...)
用来比较三个或以上的人或事物,并指出其中一个在某方面达到最高程度。
the
通常和最高级连用,后面常跟一个表示范围的短语 (如in the class
,of the three
)。
结构:主语 + 动词 + the + 形容词/副词最高级 + 范围 (in/of...)
- He is the tallest student in our class. (他是我们班最高的学生。)
- This is the most delicious cake I have ever eaten. (这是我吃过的最美味的蛋糕。)
- She is one of the most popular singers in the world. (她是世界上最受欢迎的歌手之一。)
比较级和最高级的构成规则
这是比较句的基石,需要牢记。
- 单音节词:
- 直接加
-er
/-est
(e.g., tall → taller → tallest) - 以
e
结尾,加-r
/-st
(e.g., nice → nicer → nicest) - “辅音+元音+辅音”结尾,双写末尾辅音再加
-er
/-est
(e.g., big → bigger → biggest)
- 直接加
- 双音节词 (多以
y
结尾):y
变i
再加-er
/-est
(e.g., happy → happier → happiest)
- 多音节词 (及部分双音节词):
- 前面加
more
/most
(e.g., beautiful → more beautiful → most beautiful)
- 前面加
- 不规则变化:
- good/well → better → best
- bad/ill → worse → worst
- many/much → more → most
- far → farther/further → farthest/furthest
条件句
主要有四种核心条件句
1. 零条件句 (Zero Conditional)
用途:描述一个普遍的真理、科学事实或必然发生的结果。可以理解为“一旦...就...”。
结构:If + 一般现在时, 一般现在时
- If you heat ice, it melts. (如果你加热冰,它就会融化。)
- If plants don't get water, they die. (如果植物得不到水,它们就会死亡。)
2. 第一条件句 (First Conditional)【常用】
用途:描述一个未来可能发生的真实情况以及其可能的结果。这是对未来的“预测”或“计划”。
结构:If + 一般现在时, will + 动词原形
- If it rains tomorrow, we will cancel the trip. (如果明天下雨,我们就会取消行程。)
- If you study hard, you will pass the exam. (如果你努力学习,你就会通过考试。)
3. 第二条件句 (Second Conditional)【常用】
用途:描述一个与现在或未来事实相反的假设或想象。常用于表达“如果我是...我就会...”这种不真实的愿望。
结构:If + 一般过去时, would + 动词原形
- If I had more money, I would buy a car. (如果我有很多钱,我就会买一辆车。 -> 事实是我现在钱不够)
- If I were you, I would take the job. (如果我是你,我就会接受这份工作。 -> 事实我不是你)
注意: 在这种句型里,be
动词通常都用 were
,即使主语是 I/he/she/it
。
4. 第三条件句 (Third Conditional)
用途:描述一个与过去事实相反的假设,通常用来表达对过去的懊悔或抱怨。
结构:If + 过去完成时 (had + 动词的过去分词), would have + 动词过去分词
- If I had left earlier, I would have caught the train. (如果我当时早点出发,我就赶上火车了。 -> 事实是我出发晚了,没赶上)
- If she had studied, she would have passed the exam. (如果她当时学习了,她就能通过考试了。 -> 事实是她没学,所以没通过)
被动语态
英语语态中分为主动语态和被动语态,被动语态用于强调动作的承受者,而不是动作的执行者。
- 主动语态:兔子咬人了(强调动作执行者“兔子”)(重点在“谁做了事”)
- 被动语态:谁被兔子咬了?(强调动作承受者“谁”)(重点在“发生了什么事”)
核心结构: be动词 + 过去分词
五种基本句型被动语态的演化:
- 主谓:谓语是不及物动词,没有宾语,即没有动作的承受者,所以也没有被动语态
- 主系表:没有别动语态
主谓宾
主动语态:The rabbit ate the carrot. (兔子吃了胡萝卜)
第一步:调换主语和宾语的位置
The carrot
atethe rabbit
.(胡萝卜吃了兔子)
第二步:动词前面 + be动词,动词变为 过去分词
- The carrot
was eaten
the rabbit.(胡萝卜被兔子吃了) - be动词要根据原句的时态和新主语的人称进行变化
第三步(非必需):句子还是有点奇怪,可以借助 by 表明动作的执行者
- The carrot
was eaten by
the rabbit.(胡萝卜被兔子吃了) - 当动作的执行者是重要的、特定的信息时,必须保留
by
短语
- Da Vinci painted the Mona Lisa. 达芬奇画了蒙娜丽莎。
- 过去式:The Mona Lisa
was painted by
Da Vinci. 蒙娜丽莎是达芬奇画的。 - by表明是达芬奇画的
- 过去式:The Mona Lisa
- The chef is preparing the meal now. 厨师正在准备这顿饭。
- 现在进行时:The meal
is being prepared by
the chef now. 这顿饭正在被厨师准备。 - be的现在进行时为:is being
- by表明是厨师在准备
- 现在进行时:The meal
- Someone has stolen my wallet. 有人偷了我的钱包。
- 现在完成时:My wallet
has been stolen
. 我的钱包被偷了。 - be的现在完成时为:have/has been
- 现在完成时:My wallet
主谓宾宾
主动语态:The rabbit gave the carrot to the wolf. (兔子给了狼胡萝卜)(此例中通过to 替换了间接宾语和直接宾语的位置)
想强调那个宾语,就调换那个宾语和主语的位置,其它与主谓宾一致
强调直接宾语 the carrot -> The carrot was given to the wolf by the rabbit. (胡萝卜被兔子给了狼)
强调间接宾语 the wolf -> The wolf was given the carrot by the rabbit. (狼被兔子给了胡萝卜)
在上下文明确动作执行者时,可以省略 by + 动作执行者
- The carrot was given to the wolf by the rabbit.
- The wolf was given the carrot by the rabbit.
主谓宾补
主动语态:The wolf invited the rabbit to her party. (狼邀请了兔子去她的聚会)
同主谓宾,保留补语(大多数情况下,by放置句子末尾。by同样是非必需)
- The rabbit
was
invited
to the partyby
the wolf. (兔子被狼邀请去了聚合)
并列句
用并列连词连接起来的2个或者2个以上的简单句组成的句子
结构:简单句 + 并列连词 + 简单句
- I help him and he helps me. 我帮助他,他帮助我。
- My sister not only sings well,but also dances well. 我妹妹不仅唱得好,而且跳舞也很好
- I bought my sister a present,but she didn't like it. 我给我妹妹买了一份礼物,但她不喜欢。
- Is it a girl or a boy? 是男孩还是女孩?
- They were making a lot of noise,so the teacher got angry. 他们制造了很多噪音,所以老师生气了。
结构:分号(;)连接
- It was getting late
;
she must start back home. 天色已晚;她必须动身回家。 - We fished all day
;
we didn't catch a thing. 我们钓了一整天的鱼;我们什么也没抓到。
从句 SubordinateClause
英语五大基础句型中,除了动词之外,其它都可以使用从句通过连词扩展替代
- 主语 + 动词
- 主语 + 动词 + 宾语
- 主语 + 动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语
- 主语 + 动词 + 宾语 + 补语、宾语
- 主语 + 动词 + 表语、主语、补语
大体可分为以下三种从句:形容词从句、名词从句、副词从句
形容词从句(定语从句、关系从句)
这类从句对某个人或者某个事物进行描述,具有形容词的性质
同时有充当定语成分,又称定语从句。
形容词从句的思维方式
原句:这兔子在吃一根胡萝卜。 The rabbit is eating a carrot.
扩展从句:这兔子在吃一根我来买的胡萝卜
中文思维:这兔子在吃一根我来买的胡萝卜,”我买来的“定语是前置的
英文思维:这兔子在吃一根胡萝卜that 我来买的,定语是后置的,即The rabbit is eating a carrot that I bought
二者区别在于前后置,那个好一点视情况而定。
中文的好处是顺序思维,但是如果定语太长时,就无法直观的了解和知道主语。
- 一只几个月前开始上传视频专门教英语的讨人喜爱的兔子(说了半天才知道是只兔子)
- This is a rabbit who started uploading videos since a few months ago to focus on English teaching and is liked by students.
- 不过通常这种情况都是拆句表达:这是一只从几个月前开始上传视频,专注于英语教学的兔子,受到了学生们的喜欢。
形容词从句的构成
从句需要通过关系词引导,关系词(连词)又分:关系代词、关系副词。
关系代词在从句中作主语、宾语等;
关系副词在从句中作状语。
关系代词
- that 那个(The rabbit is eating a carrot that bought.)
- which 哪一个(The food which the teacher likes is a carrot.)
- who 谁(The teacher who ate a carrot is a rabbit.)
- whom 谁(The teacher whom I saw yesterday is a rabbit.)
- whose 谁的(The teacher whose favorite food is carrot is a rabbit.)
that和which的区别,取决于先行词是否唯一
关系副词
- where 哪里(This was the place where the rabbit ate the carrot.)
- why 为什么(This is the reason why the rabbit ate the carrot.)
- when 什么时候(That was the day when the rabbit ate the carrot for the first time.)
关系副词也可以转换为 介词 + which 来表达
- This is the reason why the rabbit ate the carrot. 这就是兔子吃胡萝卜的原因。
- This is the reason for which the rabbit ate the carrot. 这就是兔子吃胡萝卜的原因。
形容词从句的限定性和非限定性
The rabbit ate the carrot which was on the table. 兔子吃了桌上的胡萝卜
- 限定是兔子吃的是桌上的胡萝卜
The rabbit ate the carrot,which was on the table. 兔子吃了桌上的胡萝卜
- 言下之意是指:兔子吃了胡萝卜,这根恰巧在桌上
- 同时which也是有代指的意思,此处which代指了The rabbit ate the carrot
名词从句(主语从句)
原句:The fact is obvious. 这实事是明显的
扩展主语从句:That the rabbit ate a carrot is obvious. 兔子吃了胡萝卜这件事是明显的
引导词
- that 那个(That the rabbit ate the carrot is obvious. 兔子吃了胡萝卜是明显的)
- whether 是否(Whether the rabbit ate the carrot is obvious. 兔子是否吃了胡萝卜是明显的)
- where 哪里( Where the rabbit ate the carrot is obvious. 兔子哪里吃的胡萝卜是明显的)
- when 什么时候(When the rabbit ate the carrot is obvious. 兔子什么时候吃的胡萝卜是明显的)
- how 怎么样(How the rabbit ate the carrot is obvious. 兔子怎样吃地胡萝卜是明显的)
- who 谁(Who ate the carrotis obvious. 谁吃了胡萝卜是明显的)
- what 什么(What the rabbit ate is obvious. 兔子吃的什么是明显的)
当描述的信息是确定时使用that,不确定时使用其它
引导词本身可以在从句中作主语、宾语或其他成分。
that 引导时,that 本身在从句中通常不承当句内成分(可省略)
how、where、when 等引导的从句,how 在从句中可作状语,when/where 可作状语。
形式主语
当主语从句很长时,英语通常使用it作为形式主语代替从句,从而将主语从句放到后面
That he learns English is difficult. 他学英语很难
- It is diffcult that he learns English. 他学英语很难
What the rabbit ate is obvious.
- It is obvious what the rabbit ate.
名词从句(宾语从句)
原句:I saw a rabbit. 我看见一只兔子
扩展宾语从句:I saw that rabbit ate a carrot. 我看见这只兔子吃了根胡萝卜
引导词
- that 那个(I saw that rabbit ate a carrot. 我看见这只兔子吃了根胡萝卜)
- whether 是否
- where 哪里
- when 什么时候
- how 怎么样
- who 谁
- what 什么
当描述的信息是确定时使用that,不确定时使用其它
引导词本身可以在从句中作主语、宾语或其他成分。
that 引导时,that 本身在从句中通常不承当句内成分(可省略)
how、where、when 等引导的从句,how 在从句中可作状语,when/where 可作状语。
that的省略
在某些不影响句子意思的地方,可以省略that。
I know (that) the rabbit ate a carrot. 我知道兔子吃了一根胡萝卜
- 这种情况会导致一个简单中出现两个谓语动词,需注意甄别
否定前置(陈述句语序)
从句定义都是陈述句语序,描述否定意思时,需要将否定词前置
- I think that the rabbit isn't smart. 我认为兔子不聪明
- I don't think that the rabbit is smart. 我认为兔子不聪明
主从时态一致
即从句时态要和主句保持一致
- I knew that the rabbit liked carrots. 我知道兔子喜欢胡萝卜
注意:描述不变的客观现象时是例外
- I knew that the sun rises in the east. 我知道太阳从东方升起
状语从句(副词从句)
时间状语
While 当···时候、与···同时
- While my wife was reading the newspaper,I was watching TV. 当我妻子在看报纸时,我正在看电视。
When 在···时候、什么时候
- When I lived in the countryside,I used to carry some water for him. 当我住在乡下的时候,我常常给他挑水。
条件状语
if 如果
- We will give you a good price if you are thinking of buying it. 如果你想买的话,我们会给你一个好价钱。
原因状语
because 因为
- I did that because she told me to. 我这么做是因为她让我这么做的。
since 自从、既然
- Since you can’t answer the question,you can ask him for help. 既然你不能回答这个问题,你可以向他寻求帮助。
目的状语
so that 因此、以便
- He must get up early so that he can go to work on time. 他必须早起,这样他才能按时上班。
in order to 为了···
- He worked hard in order to succeed. 他为了成功而努力工作。
结果状语
so that 因此、以便
- It was very cold,so that the river froze. 天气很冷,所以河水结冰了。
让步状语
Although/Though 虽然、尽管、即使
- Although he was exhausted,he kept on working. 尽管他筋疲力尽,但他仍继续工作。
whether 是否、无论、不管
- Whether you believe it or not,it's true. 不管你信不信,这是真的。
地点状语
wherever 无论什么地方
- Sit wherever you like. 你喜欢坐哪儿都行。
where 哪里
- I walk into the canteen where students are eating. 我走进学生们正在吃饭的食堂。
谓语动词 PredicateVerb
参考: VerbTense
非谓语动词
一个简单句中只能有一个核心的谓语动词,其它动词只能充当非谓语动词。
中文:我喜欢吃胡萝卜,有两个动词:喜欢、吃
英文:直译I like eat carrots,是错误的,第二个动词eat只能用非谓语动词的形式来表达(动词不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词)
动词不定式
to + 动词原型:I like to eat carrots.(to某些情况可以省略)
某些动词不能使用to,例如:avoid、consider、mind、put off、give up
有些介词短语后面是自带to的,不能当成动词不定式
- The rabiit is looking forward to seeing the wolf again. 兔子期望再次见到狼
- looking/seeing均为动名词的形式
动名词
将动词转化为名词的形式:动词原型 + ing
- Seeing is beliveing. 看到就是相信(眼见为实)
- a swimming pool. 游泳池
动词不定式和动名词的区别:
Giving = 动名词 = 实事
to give = 不定式 = 将来 = 不确定的形式 = 没有发生的动作
现在分词
将动词转化为形容词的形式:动词的现在分词(v+ing)
- The story is interesting. 这个故事很有趣
动词的现在分词形式通常是在后面+ing的形式,和动名词一样,如何区分呢?
- 动名词:a sleeping pill. 一片安眠药(此sleeping是说明药片的性质、功能和用途,是名词,是说吃了这片药可以睡觉)
- 现在分词:a sleeping rabbit. 一只睡着的兔子(此sleeping是说明兔子的状态,是形容词,修饰兔子在睡觉)
过去分词
将动词转化为形容词的形式:动词的过去分词(v+ed)
- The rabbit is interested. 兔子很有兴趣
过去分词和现在分词都是形容词,二者区别在于主动和被动的关系。
现在分词:主动的、进行中的
- The story is interesting. 这个故事很有趣(暗含这个故事让人感到有兴趣)
- The rabbit was frightening. 兔子令人感到害怕(兔子主动去吓人,使用现在分词)
- the developing countries. 发展中国家
过去分词:被动的、已完成的(表被动语态)
- The rabbit is interested. 兔子很有兴趣(暗含兔子被某事某物引起了兴趣)
- The rabbit was frightened. 兔子感到害怕(兔子被某事吓到了,所以使用过去分词)
- the developed countries. 发达国家(发展阶段已经结束了)
助动词&情态动词
一、为什么需要 助动词 & 情态动词
英语动词本身功能单一,需要“帮手”来表达复杂的语法结构和丰富的语气。
生动比喻:
- 主要动词 = 主食材 (如:fish, chicken)
- 助动词 = 厨具 (如:pot, pan) -> 用于构建,无味道
- 情态动词 = 调味品 (如:salt, pepper) -> 用于增添风味
I will call you tomorrow.
- will 为助动词,call为主要动词
I call you tomorrow.
- 语法错误:tomorrow明确表示将来时间,即句子意图是表达将来动作,应该使用 "will" 辅助call构成将来时。
I will you tomorrow.
- 语法错误:缺乏主要动词,will不能单独做谓语动词。
二、助动词 (Auxiliary Verbs)
- 定义:没有实际词义,是帮助主要动词构成完整语法结构的语法工具。用来辅助主要动词,不能单独做谓语动词。
- 主要成员:
do
,be
,have
核心功能:
- 构成否定与疑问 (主要用
do/does/did
)- 肯定: I know.
- 否定: I do not know.
- 疑问: Do you know?
- 构成时态
- 进行时 (
be + v-ing
): He is watching TV. - 完成时 (
have + v-pp
): They have finished the game.
- 进行时 (
- 构成被动语态 (
be + v-pp
)- The window was broken.
- 加强语气 (用
do/does/did
)- He does work very hard. (他确实非常努力。)
三、情态动词 (Modal Verbs) - 情绪的“表达者”
- 定义:有实际词义,用来表达说话人的情感、态度、观点等。
- 核心规则:情态动词 + 动词原形(有实际含义,但是不能单独做谓语动词)
核心功能 (分类记忆):
功能分类 | 常用词 | 示例 |
---|---|---|
能力 | can , could | She can play the piano. |
可能 | may , might , could | He might be late. |
允许 | can , may | May I sit here? |
义务/必须 | must , have to | You must follow the rules. |
建议/责任 | should , ought to | You ought to be more patient. |
意愿/将来 | will , would | I will call you later. |
征求意见 | shall | Shall we begin? |
命令/规定 | shall | The tenant shall pay rent on time. |
使役动词
一般用来表示“让某人做某事”或“使某事发生”的动词,表达含义:使、让、令...
某些动词构成的句子除了必须要有宾语之外,还必须要加上宾语补语。
- I make the wolf eat carrots. 我让狼吃胡萝卜
例如这个句子,如果没有eat carrots这个补语,就不构成一个完整的句子,而这种需要宾语补语的动词 make 则称为使役动词!
Make:强迫或要求某人做某事
结构:make + 宾语 + 动词原形
- The teacher made the students finish their homework.(老师让学生完成作业。)
- His attitude makes me feel uncomfortable.(他的态度让我感到不舒服。)
(注意:被动时 make 后的动词变为 “to + 动词原形”!)
主动语态:The teacher made the students finish the homework.
被动语态:The students were made to finish the homework.
Let:允许某人做某事
结构:let + 宾语 + 动词原形
- Her parents let her go to the party.(她的父母允许她去参加派对。)
- Please let me help you.(请让我帮助你。)
(let 的被动形式通常用 be allowed to 表达。)
主动语态:Her parents let her go to the party.
被动语态:She was allowed to go to the party.
Have:让某人做某事(通常表示安排或指示)
结构:have + 宾语 + 动词原形
- I had the mechanic fix my car.(我让技师修了我的车。)
- She has her assistant call the clients.(她让助手打电话给客户。)
(被动时,宾语“the car”成为句子的主语。)
- 主动语态:I had the mechanic fix my car.
- 被动语态:I had my car fixed by the mechanic.
Get:说服或要求某人做某事(比“have”语气更弱,带有“努力促成”的意思)
结构:get + 宾语 + to + 动词原形
- He got his brother to help with the project.(他让他的兄弟帮忙做这个项目。)
- I finally got him to agree with my idea.(我终于让他同意了我的想法。)
(被动时常表达完成某事。)
主动语态:He got his brother to help with the project.
被动语态:He got the project done by his brother.
Help:帮助某人做某事
结构1:help + 宾语 + 动词原形
结构2:help + 宾语 + to + 动词原形
- She helped me finish the report.(她帮我完成了报告。)
- He helped her to move the furniture.(他帮她搬家具。)
(被动时通常保留 “to + 动词原形”。)
主动语态:She helped me finish the report.
被动语态:I was helped to finish the report by her.
动词语气
动词的语气是用来表达说话者对句子内容的态度或句子功能的语法形式。
英语中主要有三种语气:陈述语气(Indicative Mood)、祈使语气(Imperative Mood)**和**虚拟语气(Subjunctive Mood)。
1. 陈述语气 (Indicative Mood)
用法:用于陈述事实或提出疑问。 特点:句子中动词使用正常的时态形式。 例子:
- She is a teacher. (她是老师。)
- They went to the park yesterday. (他们昨天去了公园。)
- Did you finish your homework? (你完成作业了吗?)
2. 祈使语气 (Imperative Mood)
用法:用于表达命令、请求、建议或劝告。 特点:主语通常是省略的“you”,动词用原形。 例子:
- Close the door. (把门关上。)
- Don’t be late. (不要迟到。)
- Let’s go shopping. (我们去购物吧。)
3. 虚拟语气 (Subjunctive Mood)
用法:用于表达假设、不可能发生的情况、愿望、建议或主观判断。 虚拟语气在不同情况下的动词形式有所不同。
3.1. 表达愿望 (Wish)
结构:wish + 从句
- 从句中动词用过去式,表示与现在事实相反的愿望。
- 用过去完成时,表示与过去事实相反的愿望。
- 用"would"或"could",表示对未来的愿望或遗憾。
例子:
- I wish I were taller. (我希望我更高一些。)
- She wishes she had attended the meeting. (她希望她参加了会议。)
- I wish it would stop raining. (我希望雨停了。)
3.2. 条件句使用虚拟语气(Conditionals)
部分条件句需要使用虚拟语气来表达。
- 零条件句和第一条件句:讨论的是真实或可能真实的情况,所以不用虚拟语气。
- If you heat ice, it melts. (这是事实)
- If it rains, I will stay home. (这是未来可能发生的事)
- 第二条件句:表示与现在事实相反或不太可能的情况,用虚拟语气。
- If I were you, I would apologize. (如果我是你,我会道歉。)
- If he had more time, he could finish it. (如果他有更多时间,他可以完成它。)
- 第三条件句:表示与过去事实相反的假设,用虚拟语气。
- If I had known, I would have helped you. (如果我当时知道,我就会帮助你。)
- If she had studied, she might have passed the exam. (如果她努力学习,她可能会通过考试。)
3.3. 表示建议、要求或必要性 (Suggestions, Requests, Necessity)
结构:主句用表建议、要求等的动词 + that 从句 从句中动词用动词原形。
常见动词/形容词:suggest, insist, demand, recommend, important, necessary 等。
例子:
- I suggest that he leave now. (我建议他现在离开。)
- It is important that she be on time. (重要的是她准时。)
3.4. 表达虚拟情境的固定表达
常见句型:
- It’s time + 主语 + 动词过去式
- It’s time we went home. (我们该回家了。)
- Would rather + 主语 + 动词过去式
- I’d rather you didn’t smoke here. (我宁愿你不要在这里抽烟。)
- As if / as though + 主语 + 动词过去式/过去完成式
- He acts as if he knew everything. (他表现得好像他知道一切。)
虚拟语气的重点总结
- 表达与事实相反的内容时,动词常用过去式或过去完成式。
- 表示建议、要求时,用动词原形。
- 注意特定句型和时态的搭配。
参考资料
《张道真英语语法(第三版)(精华版)》
在线英语句子语法分析:https://www.kogrammar.com/analyze/