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Verb Tense 动词的时态

动词的状态

一般状态(Simple)一般,没有具体说明、表中性的、实事陈述

  • 兔子吃胡萝卜、太阳从东边升起、你喜欢她

进行状态(Continuous)正在做的

  • 这兔子正在吃着胡萝卜

完成状态(Perfect)已经做完了的

  • 这兔子吃掉了胡萝卜

完成进行状态(Perfect Continuous)不但已经完成了的,还要继续进行的

  • 这兔子从早上就开始吃胡萝卜,现在还没停呢

状态结合时间,总共可以出现16种时态

SimpleContinuousPerfectPerfect Continuous
Presentdo
do + s
am/is/are + doinghave/has + donehave/has + been + doing
Pastdidwas/were + doinghad + donehad + been + doing
Futuream/is/are + going to + do
will + do
will + be + doingwill + have + donewill + have + been + doing
Past futurewas/were + going to + do
would + do
would + be + doingwould + have + donewould + have + been + doing

动词的变位含义:

  • do(表示动词原型)
  • does(表示动词的第三人称单数)
  • doing(表示动词的现在分词)
  • done(表示动词的过去分词)(表示动作已经完成、被动语态)
  • did(表示动词的过去式)(表示过去某个时间发生的动作)

现在时(Present tense)

一般现在时

一般用于描述习惯、事实和普遍真理。

当表示习惯性动作,往往与频度副词连用,如often,always, sometimes, never等

结构:动词原型

  • The sun rises in the east.

  • I eat carrots. 我吃胡萝卜

结构:动词原型+s(第三人称单数时)

  • She eats carrots. 她吃胡萝卜
  • She reads books every day.

现在进行时态

用于描述正在进行的动作、正在发生的事件,往往与now, just, stll等副词连用

结构:am/are/is + 动词的现在分词

  • I am eating a carrot. 我正在吃一跟胡萝卜

  • You are eating a carrot. 你正在吃一根胡萝卜

  • He is eating a carrot. 他正在吃一根胡萝卜

现在完成时态

用于描述过去发生的动作对现在的影响

结构: have/has + 动词的过去分词

  • I have lost my keys. (现在还没找到)
  • The rabbit has eaten a carrot. 这兔子吃了一根胡萝卜

现在完成进行时态

表示已经完成了还在继续

结构: have/has + been + 动词的现在分词

  • She has been reading for two hours.
  • The rabbit has been eating carrots. 这兔子一直在吃胡萝卜

过去时(Past tense)

一般过去时

通常表示过去发生的,而现在已经结束的事件、动作或情况。它通常指动作何时发生,而不指动作持续多久。

常与表明事情何时发生的状语(last summer, last winter, last week, last night)连用

因此,过去时与表明事情何时发生的状语连用是非常重要的。

结构:动词过去式

  • The rabbit ate carrots. 兔子吃胡萝卜

过去进行时态

在过去某个节点正在发生的

结构:was/were + 动词的现在分词

  • I was watching TV at 8 PM yesterday.
  • I was playing football at seven o'clock in the morning.
  • The rabbit was/were eating a carrot. 这兔子正在吃一根胡萝卜

过去完成时态

在过去某个节点已经发生的

结构:had + 动词的过去分词

  • The rabbit had eaten a carrot. 这兔子吃了一根胡萝卜

过去完成进行时态

在过去某个节点已经发生一段时间还在继续

结构:hed + been + 动词的现在分词

  • The rabbit hed been eating carrots. 这兔子一直在吃胡萝卜
  • She had been reading for an hour before dinner.
  • They had been studying for hours before the test.

将来时(Future tense)

一般将来时态

用于描述将来会发生的动作或状态

  • 注意:当谈论公共交通、电影、课程等有固定时刻表的将来事件时,通常用“一般现在时”来代替将来时。

结构:will + 动词原型 (常用)

使用场景:即时决定、主观预测、承诺、客观事实

即时决定 (Spontaneous Decision):在说话的那一刻才决定的事。

  • A: "The phone is ringing." (电话响了。)

  • B: "OK, I'll get it." (好的,去接。) (B 在听到电话响后才决定去接)

主观预测/观点 (Prediction/Opinion):基于个人感觉、经验或信念的预测,常与 I think, I believe, probably 连用。

  • I think it will rain tomorrow. (我觉得明天会下雨。) (只是我的感觉)
  • We will succeed if we work hard. 如果我们努力,我们会成功的。(带有强烈信心的主观预测)

承诺/提议/意愿 (Promise/Offer/Willingness)

  • Don't worry, I will help you. (别担心,我帮你的。) (承诺)

  • I'll call you tonight. (我今晚给你打电话。) (意愿)

  • I will call you as soon as I get home. 我到家后会马上给你打电话。

客观的将来事实 (Objective Future Fact):不受人的意志影响的将来事件。

  • The sun will rise at 6 a.m. (太阳在早上6点升起。)
  • The sun will rise again tomorrow. 太阳明天也会照常升起

结构:am/are/is + going to + 动词原型(常用)

使用场景:提前的计划、有迹象的预测。

已有的计划/意图 (Pre-existing Plan/Intention):在说话之前就已经决定好的事。

  • I am going to visit my parents this weekend. (我这个周末打算去看望我的父母。) (这个计划是早就定好的,不是现在才决定的)

  • 对比: 如果朋友问你周末干嘛,你临时起意,可能会说 "Maybe I'll visit my parents."

  • They are going to watch a movie tonight. 他们今晚打算看电影。

有迹象的预测 (Prediction with Evidence):根据眼前的迹象,判断某事很可能要发生。

  • Look at those dark clouds! It is going to rain. (看那些乌云!天下雨了。) (乌云是即将下雨的明显迹象)

结构:am/are/is + about to + 动词原型

强调动作“马上、即将”发生。比 be going to 更紧急。

  • She is about to leave for the airport. 她即将前往机场。
  • The train is about to arrive at the station. 火车即将到站。

结构:am/are/is + to + 动词原型 (很少用)

这个结构非常正式,通常用于新闻、官方通告或上级下达的命令。

  • The president is to meet the delegates tomorrow. 总统将于明天会见代表团。
  • The event is to start at 10 a.m. sharp. 活动将在上午十点准时开始。

将来进行时态

在将来的某个时间,某个动作是在进行的过程中

结构:will + be + 动词的现在分词

  • I will be eating a carrot for lunch tomorrow. 我明天午饭要吃胡萝卜
  • She will be reading a book at this time tomorrow.

将来完成时态

用于描述在将来某一时间之前已经完成的动作

结构:will + have + 动词的过去分词

  • The rabbit will have eaten a carrot. 兔子会吃掉一根胡萝卜
  • She will have read that book by next week.

将来完成进行时态

用于描述在将来某一时间之前已经进行了一段时间的动作。

结构:will + have + been + 动词的现在分词

  • The rabbit will have been eating carrots. 这兔子会一直在吃胡萝卜
  • She will have been reading for three hours by the time you arrive.
  • I will have been studying for five years by next year.

过去将来时(Past future tense)

通常出现在从句,它描述的是过去视角中的“未来”。

比如上周三的明天,就是上周四,过去的未来时。

一般过去将来时态

结构:was/were + going to + 动词原型

结构:was/were + about to + 动词原型

结构:was/were + to + 动词原型

结构:would + 动词原型

  • I said I would eat a carrot for lunch. 我(之前)说过我午饭要吃胡萝卜
  • We knew it would rain later that day. 我们知道那天下午会下雨。

过去将来进行时态

结构:would + be + 动词的现在分词

  • I thought we would be traveling by now. 我以为我们现在应该在旅途中。

  • They said they would be working late tonight. 他们说今晚会工作到很晚。

将来完成时态

结构:would + have + 动词的过去分词

  • By the time you arrived, I would have finished my dinner. 在你到之前,我晚饭应该已经吃完了。

  • She would have completed the project if she had more time. 如果她有更多时间,她本该完成这个项目了。

将来完成进行时态

结构:would + have + been + 动词的现在分词

  • By the end of the year, I would have been working here for five years. 到今年年底,我将在这里工作五年了。

  • He said he would have been studying for hours by the time the exam started. 他说考试开始时他会已经复习好几个小时了。