General Sentence Patterns
Introduction
形容词只修饰名词，副词修饰其它的词（通常修饰动词）
区分表目的的 to/for：
to + 动词 (Verb) → 表示目的为一个动作
for + 名词 (Noun) → 表示目的为一个事物或事件
We need to find a time to meet.
We need to find a time for a meeting.
**介词（介词词组）：**后面只能出现名词（动名词）
- to也可做介词，表示方向、关系、接收者等，此时后面就是跟名词而不是动词了
**副词的位置：**实义动词前、助动词/情态动词后、be动词后
- 时间、地点副词通常放在句末
**感官动词（look,smell,taste,sound,feel）：**作系动词时，后面要根据形容词
**双宾语的位置：**间接宾语（人）在前，直接宾语（物）在后，也可以对调，但是需要借助介词 to 或者 for
**可数名词：**表达单数时用不定冠词（a,an），表达复数时后面加s
冠词的使用：修饰名词
- 单数、可数名词前必须要加 a/an，表泛指
- 表特指时，都可以用 the
主谓一致：（simply-version：主语单数时，动词用三单，情态动词除外）【前提：一般现在时】
- 主语为复数时，动词用复数（动词的复数形式其实就是动词原型）
- 主语为单数时，动词用三单（加-s/es）
- 有情态动词时（can/may/must等） ，动词用原形（无视主语单复数）
**翻译技巧：**如果中文句子里没有明确的谓语，那么谓语就是隐藏的“是”，并且“是”后面的内容多半是形容词。
句型分析：
分句型，找主干（有动作就是主谓宾，否则就是主系表）
看时态
定语：用于修饰名词， 短定语放前面，长定语放后面。
状语：用于修饰动词，顺序：方式、地点、时间
AI Copilot
- 造句作业批改：Gemini-Pro（Advenced）(Lasts until 09-02)
- 句型改写训练工具：https://baizer.info/html/PracticeRewritingSentences.html
从句 Clauses
注意：当一个从句作主语时，它被视为一个单数名词，因此，主句的谓语动词需要使用第三人称单数形式。
1. 名词从句 (Noun Clauses)
核心功能：整个从句在主句中扮演一个“名词”的角色，可以作主语、宾语、表语或同位语。
引导词: that
that本身在从句中不担任任何成分，只起连接作用，引导一个陈述事实的句子。
作宾语从句 (最常见)：主语 + 及物动词 (think, believe, know...) + (that) + 完整陈述句
放在及物动词后面，回答“（动词）什么内容”的问题。that 在作宾语时通常可以省略。
- I believe (that) honesty is the best policy.
- She said (that) she would be late.
- He hopes (that) he can pass the exam.
作主语从句：It + is/was + 形容词/名词 + that + 完整陈述句
that 从句是真正的主语，但因为太长了，通常放在句末，用 It 作形式主语。
- It is true that he completed the marathon.
- It is a pity that you missed the party.
- It is obvious that she is not interested.
作表语从句：主语 (fact, problem...) + is/was + that + 完整陈述句
放在系动词 be 后面，用来解释说明主语的内容。
- The problem is that we are running out of time.
- The fact is that we have to make a decision now.
- My suggestion is that we should start early.
作同位语从句：抽象名词 (fact, news, idea...) + that + 完整陈述句
用来具体解释说明前面那个抽象名词的内容。
- The news that our team won the championship spread quickly.
- The idea that we could fly was once considered impossible.
- He holds the belief that everyone is created equal.
- The fact that an incident occurred on the subway is unfortunate.
引导词: whether / if (是否)
这两个词在从句中不担任任何成分，引导一个表示“不确定”或“选择”的句子。从句内部使用陈述句语序。
作宾语从句：主语 + 及物动词 (ask, wonder, don't know...) + whether/if + 完整陈述句 放在表示“怀疑”、“想知道”等不确定含义的动词后面。
- I'm not sure whether/if he will join the meeting.
- I wonder if it will rain tomorrow.
- Can you tell me whether/if this train goes to London?
- I don't know whether it will rain tomorrow.
- I wonder whether dinner will taste good.
作主语从句：Whether + 完整陈述句 + 主句谓语动词...
注意: 只有 whether 可以引导主语从句，if 不可以。
- Whether you succeed or not depends on your effort.
- Whether we can get there on time is uncertain.
- Whether he agrees makes no difference to me.
- Whether it rains tomorrow or not, it will be a good Saturday.
- Whether our company lays off staff makes no difference to me.
作表语从句：主语 + is/was + whether + 完整陈述句
The question is whether our company will lay off staff in the second half of the year.
My concern was whether it rained yesterday.
The question is whether we should start the project now.
The key point is whether we have enough budget.
My concern is whether the information is reliable.
引导词: what (什么 / ...的事物)
在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。
what = the thing(s) that。本身就包含了一个名词的含义，意思是“……的事情”或“……的东西”。
作主语/表语/宾语从句：... what + (从句的剩余部分)
What she did made me depressed.
What he said was very inspiring. (主语从句,
what作said的宾语)Please tell me what you need. (宾语从句,
what作need的宾语)This is exactly what I was looking for. (表语从句,
what作looking for的宾语)
引导词: who (谁)
在从句中作主语或宾语。
作主语/表语/宾语从句：... who + (从句的剩余部分)
Who will be our new leader is exciting.
The question of who will be our new leader is very exciting.
She brought me to visit the woman who was my new landlord.
Now, the question is who was quarreling downstairs.
I want to know who wrote this poem. (宾语从句,
who作从句主语)Who will be our new manager has not been announced yet. (主语从句,
who作从句主语)The question is who we should ask for help. (表语从句,
who作ask for的宾语)
引导词: where (哪里)
在从句中作地点状语。
作主语/表语/宾语从句：... where + 完整陈述句
Please tell me where Walmart is.
Where we will have our data is still unknown.
Here is where the company dinner will take place.
There is the place where the company dinner is being held.
Could you tell me where the library is? (宾语从句)
Where we will have the meeting is still a secret. (主语从句)
This is where the accident happened. (表语从句)
引导词: when (何时)
在从句中作时间状语。
作主语/表语/宾语从句：... when + 完整陈述句
When it will rain depends on the Dragon King.
When it will rian is anyone's guess.
I don't know when it will rain.
I wander when the rain will start.
The uncertainty is when the rain will arrive.
Nobody knows when the guests will arrive. (宾语从句)
When the party will start depends on the host. (主语从句)
The problem is when we should set off. (表语从句)
引导词: how (如何)
在从句中作方式状语。
- 当想表达“如何做某事”这个概念作为主语时，最常见、最正确的结构是 How to + 动词原形。
作主语/表语/宾语从句：... how + 完整陈述句
How to brew a pot of good tea is important to me.
I wonder how my mother cooks dinner.
The secret is how you handle failure.
How you handle failure is very important. (主语从句)
Can you teach me how you made this cake? (宾语从句)
The focus is how we can improve our efficiency. (表语从句)
引导词: why (为何)
在从句中作原因状语。
作主语/表语/宾语从句：... why + 完整陈述句
Why I feel depressed is a big problem.
That is why he was feeling depressed.
I don't understand why this place has a lot of rainy days.
I don't understand why it rains so much here.
That is why he was late for the meeting. (表语从句)
I don't understand why she refused the offer. (宾语从句)
Why he resigned remains a mystery. (主语从句)
2. 定语从句 (Adjective Clauses)
核心功能：整个从句扮演一个“形容词”的角色，修饰前面的名词或代词（先行词）。
关系代词: who, which, that
who指人，which指物，that可指人或物。
作定语从句：先行词 + who/which/that + 动词...
关系代词在从句中充当主语。
The young man who is studying English hard wants to have a better life.
The pen which is on your right has not been used for a long time.
I like the lady that has a good figure.
The man who lives next door is a doctor.
The book that/which is on the table is mine.
I like movies which make me laugh.
作定语从句：先行词 + who(m)/which/that + 主语 + 动词...
关系代词在从句中充当宾语，此时关系代词常可省略。
This is the best novel (that) I have ever read.
The soup (that) I cooked in the morning was delicious.
The woman whom/who/that you met is my cousin.
This is the best movie (that/which) I have ever seen.
The cake (which/that) she made was delicious.
He often shares his harvest with people in our building, which I find really generous.
One of the kindest people (whom) I have ever met is my grandmother.
关系代词: whose ( ...的)
表示所属关系，在从句中作定语。
作定语从句：先行词 + whose + 名词 + ...
whose 在从句中修饰其后的名词。
I know the young man whose dream is to have a good life.
The is the store whose china is very famous.
I know a girl whose father is a famous actor.
He is an artist whose work is famous worldwide.
关系副词: where (在...的地方)
在从句中作地点状语，修饰表示地点的先行词。
作定语从句：先行词(地点) + where + 完整陈述句
This is the store where I bought a teacup.
The park where I run two or three times a week is nearby.
This is the house where I grew up.
I'm looking for a restaurant where they serve authentic Italian food.
This is the city where I spent my childhood.
关系副词: when (在...的时候)
在从句中作时间状语，修饰表示时间的先行词。
作定语从句：先行词(时间) + when + 完整陈述句
I go running in the park two or three times a week when it does not rain.
I am very happy today when my mother came here.
Today is a day when I feel very happy bacase my mother is here.
I will never forget the day when I graduated.
Summer is the season when we can go swimming.
2008 was the year when the Olympics were held in Beijing.
关系副词: why ( ...的原因)
在从句中作原因状语，先行词通常是 the reason。
作定语从句：the reason + why + 完整陈述句
I know the reason (why) he want to go to the park.
I don't know the reason why she always rejects me.
I don't know the reason why she has always rejected me.
I don't know the reason why he was so angry.
Please explain the reason why you were late.
Is there any reason why I shouldn't go?
3. 状语从句 (Adverbial Clauses)
核心功能：整个从句扮演一个“副词”的角色，修饰主句，说明时间、原因、条件等。
时间状语从句 (when, while, as, before, after, since)
句型： 主句 + 引导词 + 从句
- I was watching TV while my wife was reading.
句型：引导词 + 从句, 主句
- When I got home, my dog ran to me.
- After the rain stopped, we went out for a walk.
条件状语从句 (if, unless)
句型：引导词 + 从句, 主句
- If you work hard, you will succeed.
句型：主句 + 引导词 + 从句
- You will fail unless you work hard.
- We will go to the park if it doesn't rain tomorrow.
原因状语从句 (because, since, as)
句型：引导词 + 从句, 主句
- As it was getting late, we decided to go home.
- Since you are tired, you should have a rest.
句型：主句 + 引导词 + 从句
- He was late because he missed the bus.
目的状语从句 (so that)
句型：主句 + so that + 从句 (常含情态动词)
- He gets up early so that he can catch the first bus.
- She spoke slowly so that everyone could understand.
- I saved money so that I could buy a new car.
让步状语从句 (although, though, even if)
不能和 but 同用
句型：引导词 + 从句, 主句
- Although he was exhausted, he kept on working.
- Even if you don't like it, you have to finish it.
句型：主句 + 引导词 + 从句
- They went for a walk though it was raining.
提问与比较句型 (Questioning and Comparison Patterns)
这类句型在日常交流、获取信息和做决策时非常实用。
1. 通用提问句型
What is [xxx]? （xxx是什么？）
说明：最基础的提问方式，用于询问某事物的定义或本质。
句型结构：What + be动词 + 主语?
例句：
What is Kubernetes?
What is the capital of Australia?
How do I [do something]? （如何做某事？）
说明：用于询问做某事的方法或步骤。
句型结构：How + 助动词 + 主语 + 动词原形?
例句：
How do I learn English efficiently?
How do I install this software?
What's the best way to [do something]? （做某事的最佳方式是什么？）
说明：用于寻求最佳方案或建议。
句型结构：What's the best way + to do sth?
例句：
What's the best way to learn English speaking?
What's the best way to get to the airport from here?
Explain [xxx] in simple terms.（用简单的方式解释 [xxx]。）
说明：要求用通俗易懂的方式解释复杂概念。
句型结构：Explain + 名词 + in simple terms.
句子成分：祈使句。Explain 是谓语动词，in simple terms 是状语。
例句：
Explain web3 in simple terms.
Can you explain the theory of relativity in simple terms?
Give me an example of [xxx]. （给我一个 [xxx] 的例子。）
说明：要求提供具体例子来帮助理解。
句型结构：Give + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语.
句子成分：祈使句。Give 是谓语动词。
例句：
Give me an example of how to use this API.
Give me an example of a complex sentence.
Give me a quick overview of [xxx]. （快速概述一下 [xxx]。）
说明：请求对某个主题进行简明扼要的总结。
句型结构：Give + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语.
句子成分：祈使句。
例句：
Give me a quick overview of "java.util.Optional".
Give me a quick overview of the company's financial performance.
Summarize [xxx] for me. （为我总结一下 [xxx]。）
说明：与 'overview' 类似，要求对信息进行提炼和总结。
句型结构：Summarize + 宾语 + for me.
句子成分：祈使句。
例句：
Summarize this article for me.
Could you summarize the main points of the meeting for me?
List the main features of [xxx]. （列出 [xxx] 的主要特征。）
说明：要求以列表形式给出某事物的主要特点。
句型结构：List + 宾语.
句子成分：祈使句。
例句：
List the main features of Web3.
List the main features of this new smartphone.
I want to know more about [xxx]. （我想了解更多关于 [xxx] 的信息。）
说明：直接表达想要获取更多信息的意愿。
句型结构：I want to know + 名词短语
句子成分：陈述句。to know... 是不定式短语作 want 的宾语。
例句：
I want to know more about React.
I want to know more about the history of this city.
Tell me about [xxx]. （告诉我关于[xxx]的信息。）
说明：一个开放式的问题，用于请求关于某个主题的通用信息。
句型结构：Tell + 间接宾语 + about + 名词.
句子成分：祈使句。
例句：
Tell me about your hometown.
Tell me about the project you're working on.
Do you have any tips for [doing something]? （关于[做某事]，你有什么建议吗？）
说明：用于寻求具体的技巧或建议。
句型结构：Do you have any tips for + 动名词(doing)?
句子成分：一般疑问句。for doing sth 是介词短语作后置定语，修饰 tips。
例句：
Do you have any tips for finding a good job?
Do you have any tips for learning new vocabulary?
Could you possibly ...? （你是否能……？）
说明：非常礼貌地提出请求或建议。
句型结构：Could you possibly + 动词原形 ...?
句子成分：一般疑问句，possibly 是副词，加强委婉语气。
例句：
Could you possibly help me fix this bug?
Could you possibly explain that part again?
I was wondering if you could ... （我在想你是否可以……）
说明：用委婉的语气提出请求或询问。
句型结构：I was wondering if + 从句
句子成分：if 引导的宾语从句，作 wondering 的宾语。用过去进行时表示委婉。
例句：
I was wondering if you could review my code.
I was wondering if you could send me the report by Friday.
Why don't you/we...? （为什么不……呢？/不如我们……吧？）
说明：用于提出建议。
句型结构：Why don't + 主语 + 动词原形 ...?
句子成分：形式上是特殊疑问句，但功能上是提出建议。
例句：
Why don't we go to the movies tonight?
You look tired. Why don't you take a rest?
How/What about...?（……怎么样？）
说明：用于征求意见或提出建议，后面跟名词或doing形式。
句型结构：
How/What about + 名词/动名词(doing)?句子成分：省略的疑问句，是固定用法。
例句：
How about having dinner together? 一起吃晚饭怎么样？
I'm free this afternoon. What about you? 我今天下午有空，你呢？
What time is it? （现在几点了？）
说明：用于直接询问当前时间。
句型结构：固定句型
句子成分：特殊疑问句。
What time作表语。例句：
Excuse me, what time is it?
Do you know what time it is?
What do/does [subject] do? （[主语]是做什么工作的？）
说明：用于询问某人的职业。
句型结构：
What + 助动词 + 主语 + do?句子成分：特殊疑问句。
What作宾语。例句：
What does your father do? 你父亲是做什么工作的？
What do your parents do? 你父母是做什么工作的？
What's ... like? （……怎么样？）
说明：用于询问特征、性质或给人的感觉。
句型结构：What's + 主语 + like?
句子成分：特殊疑问句。What 与 like 搭配，询问特征。
例句：
What's the weather like in Singapore? 新加坡的天气怎么样？
What's your new boss like? 你的新老板人怎么样？
What kind of ...? （哪种……？）
说明：用于询问种类或类型。
句型结构：What kind of + 名词 + ...?。
句子成分：特殊疑问句。What kind of 作定语，修饰后面的名词。
例句：
What kind of music do you like? 你喜欢哪种类型的音乐？
What kind of food is famous here? 这里有什么出名的食物？
What's the matter/wrong (with)...?（怎么了？）
说明：用于询问问题或麻烦。
句型结构：What's the matter/wrong + (with + 宾语)?。
句子成分：特殊疑问句，是固定用法。
例句：
What's the matter? You look sad. 怎么了？你看起来很难过。
What's wrong with your computer? 你的电脑出什么问题了？
Where are you from? （你来自哪里？）
说明：用于询问来源地或国籍。
句型结构：Where + be动词 + 主语 + from?
句子成分：特殊疑问句。Where 是疑问副词作地点状语。
例句：
Where are you from?
I'm from Singapore. Where are you from?
How was...? （……怎么样？）
说明：询问对过去经历的感受或评价。
句型结构：How + was/were + 主语?
句子成分：特殊疑问句。How 是疑问副词作表语。主语是单数用 was，主语是复数或 you 时用 were。
例句：
How was your trip? 你的旅行怎么样？
How was the exam? 考试怎么样？
How old are you? （你多大了？）
说明：用于询问年龄。
句型结构：How old + be动词 + 主语?
句子成分：特殊疑问句。How old 作表语。
例句：
How old are you?
My son is five. How old is your daughter? 我儿子五岁了。你女儿多大了？
How do you spell...? （……怎么拼写？）
说明：用于询问单词或名字的拼写。
句型结构：How do you spell + 宾语?。
句子成分：特殊疑问句。How 是疑问副词作方式状语。
例句：
How do you spell your name?
Sorry, I didn't catch that. How do you spell it? 抱歉，我没听清。那个怎么拼写？
2. 比较类句型
What's the difference between A and B? （A 和 B 有什么区别？）
说明：用于询问两者之间的具体区别。
句型结构：What's the difference between + 名词A + and + 名词B?
句子成分：特殊疑问句。between A and B 是介词短语作后置定语，修饰 difference。
例句：
What's the difference between "affect" and "effect"?
What's the difference between a laptop and a tablet?
I want to know the differences between A and B. （我想知道A和B的区别。）
说明：比直接提问更正式、更委婉地表达想要了解区别的意愿。
句型结构：I want to know the differences between + A + and + B.
句子成分：陈述句。to know... 是不定式短语作宾语。
例句：
I want to know the differences between Java and Python.
I want to know the differences between these two plans.
Compare A and B. （比较 A 和 B。）
说明：要求对两者进行全面的比较，可能包括异同点。
句型结构：Compare + 名词A + and + 名词B.
句子成分：祈使句。
例句：
Compare the political systems of the US and the UK. 比较美国和英国的政治制度。
Compare the advantages of living in the city and the countryside. 比较在城市和乡村生活的优点。
What are the pros and cons of [xxx]? （[xxx] 的优点和缺点是什么？）
说明：用于全面地分析某事物的优点和缺点。
句型结构：What are the pros and cons of + 名词?
句子成分：特殊疑问句。of + 名词 是介词短语作后置定语，修饰 pros and cons。
例句：
What are the pros and cons of working from home? 在家工作的优缺点是什么？
What are the pros and cons of social media? 社交媒体的利弊是什么？
Which is better, A or B? （A 和 B 哪个更好？）
说明：用于在两者之间做选择，寻求推荐。
句型结构：Which is better, + 名词A + or + 名词B?
句子成分：特殊疑问句。Which 是疑问代词作主语。
例句：
Which is better for learning English, watching movies or reading books?
Which is better, coffee or tea?
表达个人观点 (Expressing Personal Opinions)
这类句型非常适合在口语和写作中清晰地表达自己的看法和感受。
From my perspective, ... （从我的角度来看，……；在我看来，……）
说明：用于正式或书面语中，系统地陈述个人观点。
句型结构：From my perspective, + 完整主句
句子成分：From my perspective 是一个介词短语，在句中作状语，用来引出观点。后面跟一个完整的主谓宾句子。
例句：
From my perspective, learning a second language opens up more opportunities. 从我的角度来看，学习第二语言能带来更多机会。
From my perspective, public transport should be improved before building more roads. 在我看来，应该先改善公共交通，再修更多道路。
From my perspective, continuous learning will help me achieve a better life.
From my perspective, learning English will lead to more job opportunities.
It seems to me that ... （在我看来；依我看……）
说明：表达一种不太肯定的、偏向主观感受的看法。
句型结构：It seems to me that + 从句
句子成分：It 是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的 that 从句。to me 是介词短语作状语。
例句：
It seems to me that young people today are more health-conscious than before. 我觉得现在的年轻人比以前更注重健康。
It seems to me that working from home saves both time and money. 我认为在家办公既省时间又省钱。
It seems to me that cooking for oneself is both economical and healthy.
It seems to me that cooking at home saves money and is good for your health.
It seems to me that investing in oneself is the wisest choice.
As far as I’m concerned, ... （就我而言；在我看来……）
说明：强调观点仅代表个人，常用于引出与他人可能不同的看法。
句型结构：As far as I’m concerned, + 完整主句
句子成分：这是一个固定的状语短语，用来限定观点的范围。后面跟一个完整的主句。
例句：
As far as I’m concerned, honesty is the most important quality. 就我而言，诚实是最重要的品质。
As far as I’m concerned, online learning is just as effective as classroom learning. 在我看来，线上学习和课堂学习一样有效。
As far as I am concerned, exercising regularly is essential.
As far as I'm concerned, continuous learning is important.
To be honest, ... （说实话，……）
说明：用于表达真实感受或观点，通常带有一些保留或批评。
句型结构：To be honest, + 完整主句
句子成分：To be honest 是不定式短语，作独立成分，用来修饰整个句子，表达说话人的态度。
例句：
To be honest, I don’t really like the new design.
To be honest, I forgot about the meeting.
Let me just say, ... （我得说；让我说一句……）
说明：用于强调接下来要说的话，通常带有个人情绪或态度。
句型结构：Let me just say, + 完整主句/从句
句子成分：这是一个祈使句，用作口语中的插入语，以加强语气。
例句：
Let me just say, that presentation was amazing. 我得说，那场演讲太棒了。
Let me just say, I totally disagree with that idea. 我得说，我完全不同意那个观点。
I couldn’t agree more. （我完全同意）
说明：表示强烈赞同某人的观点。I couldn’t agree more = “我不可能再更同意了”，意思就是“我的同意程度已经达到极限了”。
句型结构：这是一个完整的句子，为固定表达。
句子成分：I (主语) + couldn't agree (谓语) + more (状语)。用否定的形式表达最强的肯定。
例句：
I couldn’t agree more with your opinion on this topic. 我完全同意你对这个话题的看法。
I couldn’t agree more: this app really changed how I work. 我完全同意：这个应用真的改变了我的工作方式。
That makes sense. （有道理 / 我明白了。）
说明：用于表示理解或认同对方的说法。
句型结构：这是一个完整的句子，为固定表达。
句子成分：That (主语) + makes (谓语) + sense (宾语)。
例句：
That makes sense. Now I get what you mean. 有道理，我现在明白你意思了。
That makes sense, given the current situation. 鉴于目前的情况，这说得通。
What I like/love/hate about ... is that ... （我喜欢/讨厌……是因为……）
说明：口语中表达喜好或抱怨特别自然的句式。
句型结构：What-从句 + is + that-从句
句子成分：以 What 开头的主语从句作整个句子的主语，is 是系动词，后面的 that 从句是表语。
例句：
What I love about this city is that it’s so full of life. 我喜欢这座城市的原因是它充满活力。
What I hate about Mondays is that I have to wake up early. 我讨厌星期一的原因是我得早起。
I’m really into ... （我非常喜欢 / 我很热衷于……）
说明：表示强烈的兴趣或爱好。
句型结构：主语 + am/is/are + really into + 名词/动名词(doing)
句子成分：be into 是一个固定搭配，作谓语，后面跟名词或动名词作宾语。
例句：
I’m really into open-world games lately. 我最近特别喜欢开放世界游戏。
I’m really into learning English through podcasts. 我很喜欢通过播客学英语。
I’m on the fence about ... （我对……还拿不定主意 / 犹豫不决）
说明：表达对某事犹豫不决、没有立场。
句型结构：主语 + am/is/are + on the fence about + 名词/动名词(doing)
句子成分：be on the fence 是一个固定习语，作谓语，about 后面跟名词或动名词。
例句：
I’m on the fence about switching jobs. 我对是否换工作还拿不定主意。
I’m on the fence about which framework to use. 我还在犹豫用哪个框架。
功能性句型 (Functional Sentence Patterns)
这些句型在组织文章结构、承上启下时非常有用，能让你的表达更有逻辑性。
1. 引出原因或解释
This is mainly because ... （这主要是因为……）
说明：直接引出主要原因，逻辑清晰。
句型结构：This is mainly because + 从句
句子成分：because 引导一个原因状语从句，解释前面主句 This is 的原因。
例句：
People prefer online shopping. This is mainly because it is convenient and time-saving. 人们更喜欢网购，这主要是因为它方便且省时。
The city’s air quality has improved. This is mainly because of stricter environmental laws. 该城市空气质量改善了，这主要是因为环保法规更严格。
The reason why ... is that ... （……的原因是……）
说明：经典的因果解释句型，强调“原因在于……”。
句型结构：The reason why + 从句A + is + that + 从句B
句子成分：The reason 是主语，why 引导的定语从句修饰 reason，is 是系动词，that 引导的表语从句解释原因。
例句：
The reason why I chose this job is that it gives me a lot of freedom.
The reason why traffic congestion is getting worse is that more people are buying cars. 交通拥堵加剧的原因是越来越多人买车。
One possible explanation is that ... （一个可能的解释是……）
说明：提出一种可能性解释，语气较为客观和委婉。
句型结构：One possible explanation is that + 从句
句子成分：One possible explanation 是主语，is 是系动词，that 引导的从句作表语。
例句：
One possible explanation is that people have more access to online resources. 一个可能的解释是人们能获取更多的线上资源。
One possible explanation is that healthier food options have become more affordable. 一个可能的解释是健康食品变得更容易负担得起了。
2. 举例说明
For example, ... / For instance, ... （例如 / 比如说）
说明：最常用的举例方式，通用性强。
句型结构：For example, / For instance, + 完整主句
句子成分：For example 或 For instance 是插入语，作状语，用于引出具体例子。
例句：
For example, regular exercise can improve both physical and mental health. 例如，规律锻炼能改善身心健康。
For instance, reading in a foreign language can boost vocabulary quickly. 比如，用外语阅读能迅速增加词汇量。
Such as ... （如……；例如……）
说明：用于列举一个或多个例子，通常跟在名词后面。
句型结构：名词, such as + 名词1, 名词2, ...
句子成分：such as 是介词短语，用来引出同位语，对前面的名词进行举例说明。
例句：
Many countries, such as Japan and Canada, have strict recycling policies.
I enjoy outdoor activities, such as hiking and cycling.
A good example of this is ... （一个很好的例子是……）
说明：用于引出一个具体的、有代表性的例子来支撑观点。
句型结构：A good example of this is + 名词短语/从句
句子成分：A good example of this 是主语，is 是系动词，后面跟名词或从句作表语。
例句：
A good example of this is the rapid growth of electric cars. 一个很好的例子是电动车的快速增长。
A good example of this is Singapore’s efficient public transport system. 一个很好的例子是新加坡高效的公共交通系统。
3. 对比与让步
On the one hand..., on the other hand... （一方面……，另一方面……）
说明：用于从两个对立或不同的方面分析问题。
句型结构：On the one hand, + 句子A. On the other hand, + 句子B.
句子成分：这两个是成对使用的状语短语，分别引出两个不同的方面。
例句：
On the one hand, social media connects people; on the other hand, it can cause distraction.
一方面，社交媒体能连接人们；另一方面，它可能分散注意力。
On the one hand, city life is exciting; on the other hand, it can be stressful.
一方面，城市生活很精彩；另一方面，它可能带来压力。
In contrast, ... （相比之下……）
说明：用于引出与前面内容形成鲜明对比的情况。
句型结构：In contrast, + 完整主句
句子成分：In contrast 是状语短语，用于句子间的转折，引出对比内容。
例句：
In contrast, rural areas are quieter and have cleaner air.
相比之下，农村更安静、空气更清新。
In contrast, young people are more open to change than the older generation.
相比之下，年轻人更容易接受变化。
While it is true that ..., it is also important to note that ... （虽然……，但同样重要的是……）
说明：先承认某观点的合理性，再提出另一个同样重要的观点，体现思辨性。
句型结构：While + 从句A, + 句子B
句子成分：While 引导一个让步状语从句，主句 it is also important to note that... 提出更重要的观点。
例句：
While it is true that studying abroad is costly, it is also important to note that it provides valuable experience.
虽然留学花费高，但它能提供宝贵的经历。
While it is true that technology can cause job loss, it is also important to note that it creates new jobs.
虽然科技可能造成失业，但也会创造新工作。
Compared to ..., ... （与……相比……）
说明：直接将两者进行比较，突出差异。
句型结构：Compared to + 名词, + 完整主句
句子成分：Compared to ... 是过去分词短语作状语，引出比较的对象。
例句：
Compared to last year, I feel much more confident.
和去年比起来，我自信多了。
Compared to city life, the countryside is much quieter.
和城市生活相比，乡村要安静得多。
Whether ... or not, ... （无论……与否，都……）
说明：强调无论条件如何，结果都一样，表达坚定的态度或不变的事实。
句型结构：Whether + 从句 + or not, + 完整主句。
句子成分：Whether ... or not 引导一个让步状语从句。
例句：
Whether you like it or not, you have to follow the rules.
不管你喜不喜欢，你都得遵守规则。
Whether it rains or not, we’ll still go hiking.
无论下不下雨，我们都要去徒步。
4. 强调与总结
It is worth noting that ... （值得注意的是……）
说明：用于引出需要特别注意或强调的信息点。
句型结构：It is worth noting that + 从句。
句子成分：It 是形式主语，真正的主语是 that 从句。worth noting 是固定搭配。
例句：
It is worth noting that online learning requires strong self-discipline.
值得注意的是，线上学习需要很强的自律。
It is worth noting that children learn better through play.
值得注意的是，孩子通过玩耍学习效果更好。
It’s worth doing ... （值得去做……）
说明：表示某事有价值，值得投入时间或精力去做。
句型结构：It’s worth + 动名词(doing)。
句子成分：It 是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的动名词短语。
例句：
It’s worth learning a second language.
学一门第二语言是值得的。
It’s worth taking time to plan ahead.
提前规划是值得花时间做的。
What matters most is ... （最重要的是……）
说明：用于强调最核心、最关键的因素。
句型结构：What matters most is + 名词/从句。
句子成分：What matters most 是一个主语从句，作整个句子的主语，is 后面跟表语。
例句：
What matters most is having a positive attitude toward challenges.
最重要的是对挑战保持积极态度。
What matters most is protecting the environment for future generations.
最重要的是为下一代保护环境。
There’s no doubt that ... （毫无疑问……）
说明：用于非常肯定地陈述一个事实或观点，语气强烈。
句型结构：There’s no doubt that + 从句。
句子成分：that 引导的从句是 doubt 的同位语，说明 doubt 的具体内容。
例句：
There’s no doubt that exercise is good for your health.
毫无疑问，锻炼对健康有益。
There’s no doubt that technology has changed the way we live.
毫无疑问，科技改变了我们的生活方式。
Not only ... but also ... （不仅……而且……）
说明：经典的递进关系句型，强调两者兼备。
句型结构：Not only + 句子成分A + but also + 句子成分B。
句子成分：连接两个并列的句子成分。当 Not only 位于句首时，其后的分句需要部分倒装。
例句：
Not only is he smart, but he also works really hard. (倒装)
他不仅聪明，而且非常努力。
He is not only smart but also hard-working. (不倒装)
他不仅聪明而且勤奋。
It goes without saying that ... （不言而喻……）
说明：用于引出显而易见、无需多言的道理。
句型结构：It goes without saying that + 从句。
句子成分：It 是形式主语，真正的主语是 that 从句。
例句：
It goes without saying that teamwork is essential.
团队合作的重要性不言而喻。
It goes without saying that security should come first.
安全当然应该放在第一位。
In conclusion, ... / To sum up, ... （总之……）
说明：用于文章或段落结尾，进行总结。
句型结构：In conclusion, / To sum up, + 完整主句。
句子成分：In conclusion 或 To sum up 是状语短语，用于引出总结性陈述。
例句：
In conclusion, adopting a healthy lifestyle benefits everyone.
总之，采取健康的生活方式对每个人都有好处。
To sum up, renewable energy is essential for sustainable development.
总之，可再生能源对可持续发展至关重要。
5. 结果与影响
As a result, ... （因此 / 结果是……）
说明：用于引出直接的、必然的结果。
句型结构：As a result, + 完整主句。
句子成分：As a result 是状语短语，连接前后两个有因果关系的句子。
例句：
The population has increased rapidly. As a result, housing prices have gone up.
人口快速增长，因此房价上涨了。
He studied hard every day. As a result, he passed the exam with flying colours.
他每天努力学习，因此高分通过了考试。
This leads to ... （导致 / 引起……）
说明：强调前者是后者的直接原因，常用于分析影响。
句型结构：原因(名词) + leads to + 结果(名词)。
句子成分：leads to 是谓语动词短语，前后连接表示原因和结果的名词。
例句：
High sugar intake leads to health problems such as obesity.
高糖摄入会导致肥胖等健康问题。
Deforestation leads to the loss of biodiversity.
森林砍伐会导致生物多样性丧失。
Consequently, ... （因而 / 结果是……）
说明：比 'As a result' 更正式，表示合乎逻辑的推论结果。
句型结构：Consequently, + 完整主句。
句子成分：Consequently 是副词，作状语，连接前后句子。
例句：
The company failed to innovate. Consequently, it lost market share.
公司缺乏创新，因此失去了市场份额。
Public transport has improved; consequently, fewer people drive to work.
公共交通改善了，因此通勤开车的人减少了。
The more ..., the more ... （越……越……）
说明：经典的比较句型，表示两者成正比关系地变化。
句型结构：The + 形容词/副词比较级 ..., the + 形容词/副词比较级 ...
句子成分：这是一个复合句，前后两个分句都用“The + 比较级”开头。
例句：
The more you practice, the better you get.
你练习得越多，你就会越熟练。
The more I read, the more I want to learn.
我读得越多，就越想学习。
6. 可能性与假设
It is likely that ... （很可能……）
说明：用于表达一种有根据的推测，可能性较大。
句型结构：It is likely that + 从句
句子成分：It 是形式主语，真正的主语是 that 从句
例句：
It is likely that renewable energy will replace fossil fuels in the future.
很可能可再生能源将在未来取代化石燃料。
It is likely that online learning will become more popular.
很可能线上学习会变得更受欢迎。
If ..., then ... （如果……那么……）
说明：经典的条件与结果句型。
句型结构：If + 条件从句, (then) + 结果主句。
句子成分：If 引导条件状语从句，主句说明在该条件下产生的结果。then 可以省略。
例句：
If governments invest more in education, then society will benefit as a whole.
如果政府加大教育投资，那么整个社会都会受益。
If we reduce waste, then we can protect the environment more effectively.
如果减少浪费，我们就能更有效地保护环境。
It seems that ... （好像 / 看起来）
说明：根据观察提出推测，语气比较委婉。
句型结构：It seems that + 从句
句子成分：It 是形式主语，that 从句是真正的主语。
例句：
It seems that everyone is using AI these days.
现在好像每个人都在用人工智能。
It seems that he doesn’t want to talk about it.
他好像不想谈这件事。
常见特殊句型 (Common Special Sentence Patterns)
这些是英语中非常固定的搭配和句型，熟练掌握后能让你的语言更地道。
1. It's... 句型
It is + adj + to do sth （做某事是……的）
说明：经典的形式主语句型，用于评价做某件事的性质。
句型结构：It + be + 形容词 + to do sth
句型结构：It + be + 形容词 + for sb + to do sth 形容词描述的是事情 / 动作
句型结构：It + be + 形容词 + of sb + to do sth 形容词描述的是人 (的品格/行为)
句子成分：It 作形式主语，代替后面的不定式短语 to do sth。
例句：
- It is important to get enough sleep every night. 每天晚上睡够觉是很重要的。
- It is dangerous to swim in this river. 在这条河里游泳很危险。
- It is difficult for me to play the piano.
- It is important for everyone to protect the environment.
- It is kind of you to help me.
- It is stupid of him to make the same mistake again.
It takes sb some time to do sth （做某事花费了某人多少时间）
说明：专门用于描述做某事花费了多长时间。
句型结构：It takes + 某人(宾语) + 时间 + to do sth。
句子成分：It 作形式主语，代替后面的不定式短语 to do sth。
例句：
It took me three hours to finish the report.
我花了三个小时才完成这份报告。
It takes about an hour to get to the city center.
到市中心大约需要一个小时。
It's time (for sb) to do sth （是（某人）该做某事的时候了）
说明：用于提醒或催促是时候做某事了。
句型结构：It's time + (for sb) + to do sth。
句子成分：It 指代时间，to do sth 是不定式短语作后置定语，修饰 time。
例句：
It's time to go to bed.
该上床睡觉了。
It's time for us to start the meeting.
我们该开始开会了。
It is no use/good doing sth （做某事没有用）
说明：表示做某事是徒劳的、没有意义的。
句型结构：It is no use/good + 动名词(doing)。
句子成分：It 作形式主语，代替后面的动名词短语 doing sth。
例句：
It is no use crying over spilled milk.
覆水难收，哭也没用。
It's no good complaining about the weather.
抱怨天气是没用的。
2. 疑问词 + to do 结构
how to do sth （如何去做某事）
说明：在句中充当名词成分，表示“做某事的方法”。
句型结构：疑问词 + to + 动词原形。
句子成分：这个结构整体相当于一个名词，可以在句子中作主语、宾语、表语等。
例句：
He showed me how to use the new software. (作宾语)
他向我演示了如何使用这个新软件。
How to cook this dish is the question. (作主语)
如何做这道菜是个问题。
what to do sth （做什么）
说明：在句中充当名词成分，表示“做什么事”。
句型结构：疑问词 + to + 动词原形。
句子成分：这个结构整体相当于一个名词，可以在句子中作主语、宾语、表语等。
例句：
I don't know what to buy for her birthday. (作宾语)
我不知道该买什么作为她的生日礼物。
What to do next is our main concern. (作主语)
接下来做什么才是我们主要关心的。
when to do sth （何时去做某事）
说明：在句中充当名词成分，表示“做某事的时间”。
句型结构：疑问词 + to + 动词原形。
句子成分：这个结构整体相当于一个名词，可以在句子中作主语、宾语、表语等。
例句：
Please tell me when to start. (作宾语)
请告诉我什么时候开始。
When to leave for the airport has not been decided. (作主语)
何时出发去机场还没决定。
where to do sth （去哪里做某事）
说明：在句中充当名词成分，表示“做某事的地点”。
句型结构：疑问词 + to + 动词原形。
句子成分：这个结构整体相当于一个名词，可以在句子中作主语、宾语、表语等。
例句：
She is considering where to travel for the holiday. (作宾语)
她正在考虑假期去哪里旅行。
Where to park his car is a problem. (作主语)
把车停在哪儿是个问题。
3. 使役动词和感官动词 (Causative & Sensory Verbs)
make sb do sth （让/迫使某人做某事）
说明：带有强制性，后跟不带 to 的动词原形。
句型结构：make + 宾语 + 动词原形。
句子成分：动词原形 作宾语补足语，补充说明宾语发出的动作。
例句：
The sad story made her cry.
那个悲伤的故事让她哭了。
His jokes always make me laugh.
他的笑话总能让我发笑。
let sb do sth （允许某人做某事）
说明：表示允许或许可某人做某事，语气较温和。
句型结构：let + 宾语 + 动词原形。
句子成分：动词原形 作宾语补足语。
例句：
My parents let me decide for myself.
我的父母让我自己做决定。
Please let me know if you have any questions.
如果你有任何问题，请告诉我。
have sb do sth （安排/叫某人做某事）
说明：表示安排、请求或命令某人做某事。
句型结构：have + 宾语 + 动词原形。
句子成分：动词原形 作宾语补足语。
例句：
I'll have my assistant call you to schedule a meeting.
我会让我的助理给你打电话安排会议。
I need to have a plumber fix the sink.
我需要找个水管工来修水槽。
see/hear/watch sb do sth （看见/听见某人做了某事，强调全过程）
说明：表示看到/听到某人做完整件事的过程。
句型结构：感官动词 + 宾语 + 动词原形。
句子成分：动词原形 作宾语补足语。
例句：
I saw him leave the room.
我看见他离开了房间。
We watched the sun rise over the mountain.
我们看着太阳从山后升起。
see/hear/watch sb doing sth （看见/听见某人正在做某事，强调正在进行）
说明：表示看到/听到某人正在做某事，强调动作的进行。
句型结构：感官动词 + 宾语 + 动名词(doing)。
句子成分：动名词 作宾语补足语。
例句：
I heard someone singing next door.
我听到隔壁有人在唱歌。
She watched the children playing in the park.
她看着孩子们在公园里玩耍。
4. 其他固定搭配
have to do sth （必须做某事）
说明：强调客观需要或外部规定，意为“不得不”。
句型结构：have to + 动词原形。
句子成分：have to 是一个情态动词短语，作谓语。
例句：
I have to get up early for work tomorrow.
我明天必须早起上班。
You have to show your passport at the border.
在边境你必须出示护照。
spend time/money (in) doing sth / on sth （花费时间/金钱在某事上）
说明：用于描述在某事上花费时间和金钱。
句型结构：spend + 时间/金钱 + (in) doing sth / on sth。
句子成分：spend 是谓语动词，后面跟时间和金钱作宾语，doing sth 或 on sth 作状语。
例句：
She spent the whole afternoon reading the book.
她花了一整个下午读书。
He spent too much money on that car.
他花了太多钱在那辆车上。
stop to do sth （停下来去做另一件事）
说明：指停下手中的事，去做另一件事。
句型结构：stop + to do sth。
句子成分：to do sth 是不定式短语，在句中作目的状语。
例句：
He stopped to talk to his friend.
他停下来和朋友说话。
On our way home, we stopped to buy some milk.
在回家的路上，我们停下来买了些牛奶。
stop doing sth （停止正在做的事）
说明：指停止正在进行的动作。
句型结构：stop + 动名词(doing)。
句子成分：doing sth 是动名词短语，在句中作宾语。
例句：
Please stop making so much noise.
请不要再制造那么多噪音了。
The doctor told him to stop smoking.
医生告诉他要戒烟。
used to do sth （过去常常做某事，现在不了）
说明：表示过去经常做但现在不再做的事。
句型结构：used to + 动词原形。
句子成分：used to 是一个半情态动词，表示过去的习惯。
例句：
He used to live in London.
他过去住在伦敦。
This building used to be a library.
这栋楼过去是图书馆。
be used to doing sth （习惯于做某事）
说明：表示习惯于做某事，主语通常是人。
句型结构：be used to + 动名词(doing)。
句子成分：be used to 是固定搭配，to 是介词，所以后面跟动名词作宾语。
例句：
I am used to working under pressure.
我习惯在压力下工作。
He is not used to living in a big city.
他不习惯住在大城市。
prefer to do sth rather than do sth （宁愿做某事而不愿做另一件事）
说明：表示“宁愿做…而不愿做…”，强调选择。
句型结构：prefer to + 动词原形A + rather than + 动词原形B。
句子成分：rather than 连接两个并列的动词原形。
例句：
I prefer to walk rather than take a crowded bus.
我宁愿走路，也不愿坐拥挤的公交车。
She prefers to read a book rather than watch TV.
她宁愿看书也不愿看电视。
would rather do sth than do sth （宁愿……也不愿……）
说明：与 'prefer' 句型类似，但更常用于口语，表示主观意愿。
句型结构：would rather + 动词原形A + than + 动词原形B。
句子成分：than 连接两个并列的动词原形。
例句：
I would rather stay home than go to the party.
我宁愿待在家里也不愿去参加派对。
He would rather try and fail than do nothing.
他宁愿尝试后失败，也不愿什么都不做。
had better (not) do sth （最好（不要）做某事）
说明：用于提出强烈的建议或警告，后跟动词原形。
句型结构：had better + (not) + 动词原形。
句子成分：had better 是一个情态动词短语。
例句：
You'd better hurry or you'll be late.
你最好快点，否则就要迟到了。
It's going to rain. You'd better take an umbrella.
要下雨了，你最好带上雨伞。
Why not do sth? （为什么不……呢？）
说明：用于提出建议，语气比 'Why don't you...?' 更简洁。
句型结构：Why not + 动词原形 ...?。
句子成分：这是一个省略了主语 you 的疑问句，是固定用法。
例句：
Why not take a break? You look tired.
为什么不休息一下呢？你看起来很累。
It's a nice day. Why not go for a walk?
今天天气很好，为什么不出去散散步呢？
so... that... / such... that... （如此……以至于……）
说明：引导结果状语从句，强调程度之深导致的结果。
句型结构：so + 形容词/副词 + that + 从句
句型结构：such + (a/an) + 形容词 + 名词 + that + 从句
句子成分：that 引导结果状语从句。
例句：
He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.
他太累了，以至于立刻就睡着了。
It was such a beautiful day that we decided to go for a picnic.
那是个如此美好的天气，所以我们决定去野餐。
too... to... （太……而不能……）
说明：表示“太…以至于不能…”，含有否定意义。
句型结构：too + 形容词/副词 + (for sb) + to do sth。
句子成分：to do sth 是不定式短语，作结果状语。
例句：
The box is too heavy to lift.
这个箱子太重了，搬不起来。
He speaks too quickly for me to understand.
他话说得太快，我听不懂。
...enough to... （足够……可以……）
说明：表示“足够…可以做…”，含有肯定意义。
句型结构：形容词/副词 + enough + (for sb) + to do sth。
句子成分：enough 修饰前面的形容词或副词，to do sth 是不定式短语作结果状语。
例句：
He is tall enough to reach the top shelf.
他足够高，可以够到顶层的架子。
The water is warm enough to swim in.
水足够暖和，可以游泳。
One of the + (形容词最高级) + (复数名词) （……中最……之一）
说明：用于强调是“众多…中最…的一个”，后面的名词必须是复数。
句型结构：One of the + 形容词最高级 + 复数名词。
句子成分：这是一个名词短语，可以在句子中作主语、宾语或表语。
例句：
This is one of the most important lessons in my life. (作表语)
这是我生命中最重要的一课之一。
One of the kindest people I have ever met is my grandmother. (作主语)
我见过的最善良的人之一是我的祖母。